COMPARISON OF THE USEFULNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC, ENDOSCOPIC AND FLUOROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF AIRWAY COLLAPSE IN DOGS
Abstract
Collapse is defined as the narrowing of the airways that prevents the correct airflow to the lungs, making breathing difficult. Several regions can be affected at the same time or in a staggered manner since it presents a dynamic nature, which sometimes supposes a diagnostic challenge that requires the combination of several imaging techniques. The main objective of this study was to compare the usefulness of fluoroscopic, endoscopic, and radiographic techniques in diagnosing airway collapse in a group of dogs.
With this aim, a study was carried out in 9 dogs with airway collapse (pharynx, larynx, cervical/intrathoracic trachea, and bronchi) confirmed by fluoroscopic, and for which chest X-rays and airways endoscopy were also available.
The results of the study indicated that endoscopy is the most sensitive technique in the assessment of laryngeal and bronchial collapse since it detected laryngeal collapse in 57.14% of cases and bronchial collapse in 77.7%. However, by requiring anesthesia, the degree of tracheal collapse may be overestimated. In addition, it showed that radiography can overdiagnose cervical tracheal collapse, causing a high percentage of false positives (67%). For its part, fluoroscopy turned out to be superior to endoscopy in the dynamic evaluation of intrathoracic tracheal collapse, identifying it in 3 cases not identified by endoscopy.
The combined use of fluoroscopy and endoscopy increases the reliability of the diagnosis of airway collapse. Even so, radiography, endoscopy, and fluoroscopy should be understood as complementary techniques that collaborate in the detection and evaluation of the severity of airway collapse in dogs.
Downloads
References
Bernaerts, F., Talavera, J., Leemans, J., Hamaide, A., Claeys, S., Kirschvink, N., y Clercx, C. (2010). Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome. The Veterinary Journal, 183(1), 95–102. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.009
Bottero, E., Bellino, C., De Lorenzi, D., Ruggiero, P., Tarducci, A., D'Angelo, A., y Gianella, P. (2013). Clinical Evaluation and Endoscopic Classification of Bronchomalacia in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(4), 840–846. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12096.
Burbidge H.M. (1995). A review of laryngeal paralysis in dogs. British Veterinary Journal, 151(1), 71–82. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80066-1.
Clarke, D.L. (2015). Upper Airway Disease. En: D.C. Silverstein, K. Hopper, Small Animal Critical Care Medicine (2nd edition), Saunders Publishing. St Louis; 92–104.
Della Maggiore, A. (2020). An Update on Tracheal and Airway Collapse in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 50(2), 419-430. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.11.003.
Gaskell, C.J. (1974). The radiographic anatomy of the pharynx and larynx of the dog. Journal of small animal practice, 15(2), 89–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05666.x.
Herrtage M.E. (2009). Medical management of tracheal collapse. En: J.D. Bonagura, D.C. Twedt. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy. XIV Small Animal Practice. WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia; 630-635.
Hitier, M., Loäec, M., Patron, V., Edy, E. & Moreau, S. (2013). Anatomía, fisiología, endoscopia y pruebas de imagen de la tráquea. EMC - Otorrinolaringología, 42(3), 1–18.
Holt, D.E. (2004) Upper Airway Obstruction, Stertor, and Stridor. En: Lesley G. King, Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats, 35-49, Saunders.
Johnson, L.R., Singh, M.K., y Pollard, R.E. (2015). Agreement Among Radiographs, Fluoroscopy and Bronchoscopy in Documentation of Airway Collapse in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(6), p: 1619–1626. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13612.
Johnson, L.R y Pollard, R.E. (2010). Tracheal Collapse and Bronchomalacia in Dogs: 58 Cases (7/2001–1/2008). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(2), p: 298–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0451.x.
Kitshoff, A.M., Van Goethem, B., Stegen, L., Vandekerckhove P. y De Rooster, H. (2013). “Laryngeal paralysis in dogs: An update on recent knowledge”. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 84(1), 1-9. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.909.
Lindl Bylicki, B.J., Johnson, L.R. y Pollard, R.E. (2015). Comparison of the radiographic and tracheoscopy appearance of the dorsal tracheal membrane in large and small breed dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 56(6), 602–608. doi: 10.1111/vru.12276.
Lindsay, B., Cook, D., Wetzel, J.M., Siess, S. y Moses, P. (2020). Brachycephalic airway syndrome: management of post-operative respiratory complications in 248 dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal. 98(5), 173-180. doi: 10.1111/avj.12926.
MacPhail, C.M. (2019). Laryngeal Disease in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 50(2), 295-310. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.11.001.
Macready, D.M., Johnson, L.R. y Pollard, R.E. (2007). Fluoroscopic and radiographic evaluation of tracheal collapse in dogs: 62 cases (2001–2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(12), 1870–1876. doi: 10.2460/javma.230.12.1870.
Meola, S.D. (2013). Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 28(3), 91–96. doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004.
Robinson N.E. (2013). Visión general de la función respiratoria: ventilación pulmonar. Cunningham, James G. Fisiología Veterinaria. Editorial (5º edición), 495-505
Roudebush, P. (1990). Laryngoscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 20(5), 1291–1295.
Rubin, J.A., Holt, D.E., Reetz, J.A. y Clarke, D.L. (2015). Signalment, Clinical Presentation, Concurrent Diseases, and Diagnostic Findings in 28 Dogs with Dynamic Pharyngeal Collapse (2008-2013). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(3), 815–821. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12598.
Rueda J., Fernández A., Sacido J. y Pérez B. (1989). Colapso traqueal. Revista de AVEPA. Vol. 9, N° 4, 165-176.
Saunders, M.H y Keith D. (2011). Thoracic Imaging. En: Todd R. Tams & Clarence A. Rawlings. Small Animal Endoscopy (3er edition), 72-87.
Singh M.K., Johnson L.R, Kittleson M.D. y Pollard R.E. (2012). Bronchomalacia in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(2), 312–319. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00887.x.
Tangner C.H. y Hobson H.P. (1982). A retrospective study of 20 surgically managed cases of collapsed trachea. Veterinary Surgery 11(4);146–149.
Copyright (c) 2023 Servicio de Publicaciones, University of Murcia (Spain)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in paragraph 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2019
2. The works are published in the online edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (legal text). You can copy, use, distribute, transmit and publicly display, provided that: i) you cite the author and the original source of publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work), ii) are not used for commercial purposes, iii ) mentions the existence and specifications of this license.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
3. Conditions of self-archiving. Is allowed and encouraged the authors to disseminate electronically pre-print versions (version before being evaluated and sent to the journal) and / or post-print (version reviewed and accepted for publication) of their works before publication, as it encourages its earliest circulation and diffusion and thus a possible increase in its citation and scope between the academic community. RoMEO Color: Green.
