Floral biology and pollination of carpet weeds, Glinus lotoides L. and Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. (Molluginaceae)
Abstract
Glinus lotoides and G. oppositifolius are prostrate, spreading, annual herbs. In both, the flowers are very small, actinomorphic, bisexual, protandrous, herkogamous and facultatively autogamous. Both species exhibit synchronous anthesis and display flowers en masse to attract pollinators. Bees, ants, butterflies and thrips pollinate the flowers. Herkogamy precludes spontaneous autogamy but flower closing event facilitates autogamy. In both species, the fruit is a capsule with scrotiform strophioled seeds; anemochory, ombrohydrochory and hydrochory are functional. The seeds germinate immediately if soil has moisture. Glinus species with C3 photosynthesis, facultative autogamy and polyphily are able to grow in dry and moist habitats.
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