ASSESSMENT OF ARTERIAL FLOW OF THE UMBILICAL CORD IN GOAT FETUSES OF THE MURCIANO-GRANADINA RACE USING SPECTRAL DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Abstract
The Murciano-Granadina (M-G) breed is the most representative goat breed in Spain. Ultrasound has proven to be a very useful procedure in animal reproduction for detection and monitoring of pregnancy and Doppler ultrasound has made it possible to obtain non-invasive objective measurements of the vascular supply and the functionality of various organs and structures.
The objective of this work has been the evaluation of the hemodynamic characteristics of the umbilical artery in M-G goat fetuses using Doppler parameters and indices to assess the applicability of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal vascularization.
The study was carried out in 4 pregnant goats M-G, belonging to IMIDA, located in the Veterinary Teaching Farm. Examinations and measurements of Doppler parameters in the umbilical artery were carried out once a week between days 75 and 120 of gestation, assuming a total of 5 to 7 ultrasound sessions in each female.
Doppler parameters analyzed were Peak Sistolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (MV), Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic Ratio (S/D) and umbilical artery pulse (AP). PSV increased without significant differences until day 120 of gestation, when it reached its maximum value. EDV progressively increased significantly during pregnancy. MV of umbilical arterial flow remained with similar values, without significant differences between days of pregnancy, reaching its maximum value on day 120. Values of RI, PI and S/D ratio decreased continuously and significantly during the gestational period. AP values varied significantly during pregnancy, reaching the maximum on day 90 and minimum value on day 120 of pregnancy.
This study has shown that Doppler ultrasound is an effective, safe and repeatable tool that offers good accuracy to successfully analyze blood flow and velocimetric parameters of the umbilical cord during physiological changes and intrauterine development of the fetus throughout pregnancy in M-G goats.
The objective of this work has been the evaluation of the hemodynamic characteristics of the umbilical artery in M-G goat fetuses using Doppler parameters and indices to assess the applicability of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal vascularization.
The study was carried out in 4 pregnant goats M-G, belonging to IMIDA, located in the Veterinary Teaching Farm. Examinations and measurements of Doppler parameters in the umbilical artery were carried out once a week between days 75 and 120 of gestation, assuming a total of 5 to 7 ultrasound sessions in each female.
Doppler parameters analyzed were Peak Sistolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (MV), Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic Ratio (S/D) and umbilical artery pulse (AP). PSV increased without significant differences until day 120 of gestation, when it reached its maximum value. EDV progressively increased significantly during pregnancy. MV of umbilical arterial flow remained with similar values, without significant differences between days of pregnancy, reaching its maximum value on day 120. Values of RI, PI and S/D ratio decreased continuously and significantly during the gestational period. AP values varied significantly during pregnancy, reaching the maximum on day 90 and minimum value on day 120 of pregnancy.
This study has shown that Doppler ultrasound is an effective, safe and repeatable tool that offers good accuracy to successfully analyze blood flow and velocimetric parameters of the umbilical cord during physiological changes and intrauterine development of the fetus throughout pregnancy in M-G goats.
Downloads
References
Acharya, G., Erkinaro, T., Mäkikallio, K., Lappalainen, T., & Rasanen, J. (2004). Relationships among Doppler-derived umbilical artery absolute velocities, cardiac function, and placental volume blood flow and resistance in fetal sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 286(4), H1266–H1272. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00523.2003
Acharya, G., Sitras, V., Erkinaro, T., Mäkikallio, K., Kavasmaa, T., Päkkilä, M., Huhta, J.C., & Räsänen, J. (2007). Experimental validation of uterine artery volume blood flow measurement by Doppler ultrasonography in pregnant sheep. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 29(4), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.3977
Barcroft, J., Flexner, L.B., & McClurkin, T. (1934). The output of the foetal heart in the goat. J. Phys., 82(4), 498–508. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003202
Bartlewski, P. (2019). Applications of Doppler ultrasonography in reproductive health and physiology of small ruminants. XXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal, Gramado, Brasil, pp. 122–125.
Beattie, R.B., & Dornan, J.C. (1989). Antenatal screening for intrauterine growth retardation with umbilical artery Doppler ultrasonography. Br. Med. J., 298(6674), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6674.631
Bollwein, H., Heppelmann, M., & Lüttgenau, J. (2016). Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management. Vet. Clin. Food Anim., 32(1), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005
Brüssow, K.P., Kurth, J., Vernunft, A., Becker, F., Tuchscherer, A., & Kanitz, W. (2012). Laparoscopy guided Doppler ultrasound measurement of fetal blood flow indices during early to mid-gestation in pigs. J. Reprod. Dev., 58(2), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.11-059t
Elmetwally, M., Rohn, K., & Meinecke-Tillmann, S. (2016). Noninvasive color Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow throughout pregnancy in sheep and goats. Theriogenology, 85(6), 1070–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.018
Elmetwally, M.A., & Meinecke-Tillmann, S. (2018). Simultaneous umbilical blood flow during normal pregnancy in sheep and goat foetuses using non-invasive colour Doppler ultrasound. Anim. Reprod. 15(2), 148–155. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2017-976
Fernández, M., Gómez, M., Delgado, J., Adán, S., & Jiménez, M. (2010). Guía de campo de las raza autóctonas españolas. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/zootecnia/1.1%20Gu%C3%ADa%20de%20campo%20de%20las%20razas%20aut%C3%B3ctonas%20espa%C3%B1olas._tcm30-120392.pdf
Galián, S., Peinado, B., Ruiz, S., Poto, A., Almela, L., Castillo, J., & Lozano, S. (2021). Uso de la ecografía para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la gestación en la cabra M-G. Arch. de Zootec., 70(269), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v70i269.5424
Gupta, U., Qureshi, A., & Samal, S. (2008). Doppler Velocimetry In Normal And Hypertensive Pregnancy. J. Gynecol. Obs., 11(2), 1–6. https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/8940
Kumar, K., Chandolia, R.K., Kumar, S., Jangir, T., Luthra, R.A., Kumari, S., & Kumar, S. (2015). Doppler sonography for evaluation of hemodynamic characteristics of fetal umbilicus in Beetal goats. Vet. World, 8(3), 412–416. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.412-416
Medan, M.S., & Abd El-Aty, A. (2010). Advances in ultrasonography and its applications in domestic ruminants and other farm animals reproduction. J. Adv. Res., 1(2), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2010.03.003
Nicolaides, K., Rizz, G., Hecher, K., & Ximenes, R. (2002). Doppler in Obstetrics. The Fetal Medicine Foundation. https://fetalmedicine.org/var/uploads/Doppler-in-Obstetrics.pdf
Pereira, B.S., Pinto, J.N., Freire, L.M.P., Campello, C.C., Domingues, S.F.S., & Machado Da Silva, L.D. (2012). Study of the development of uteroplacental and fetal feline circulation by triplex Doppler. Theriogenology, 77(5), 989–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.005
Petridis, I., Barbagianni, M., Ioannidi, K., Samaras, E., Fthenakis, G., & Vloumidi, E. (2017). Doppler ultrasonographic examination in sheep. Small Rumin. Res., 152, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.015
Pizarro, M.G., Landi, V., Navas, F.J., León, J.M., Martínez, A., Fernández, J., & Delgado, J.V. (2019). Does the Acknowledgement of αS1-Casein Genotype Affect the Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Prediction of Breeding Values for Milk Yield and Composition Quality-Related Traits in M-G? Animals, 9(9), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090679
Rauch, A., Krüger, L., Miyamoto, A., & Bollwein, H. (2008). Colour Doppler sonography of cystic ovarian follicles in cows. J. Reprod. Dev., 54(6), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.20025
Rubio, I., Tirapu, M., Gómez, H., & Zabalza, J. (Eds.). (2014). Ecografía Doppler: Principios básicos y guía práctica para residentes. European Society of Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1594/seram2014/S-0379
Serin, G., Gökdal, O., Tarimcilar, T., & Atay, O. (2010). Umbilical artery doppler sonography in Saanen goat fetuses during singleton and multiple pregnancies. Theriogenology, 74(6), 1082–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.005
Tchirikov, M., Hecher, K., Deprest, J., Zikulnig, L., Devlieger, R., & Schröder, H.J. (2001). Doppler ultrasound measurements in the central circulation of anesthetized fetal sheep during obstruction of umbilical-placental blood flow. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 18(6), 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00467.x
Tchirikov, M., Strohner, M., Popovic, S., Hecher, K., & Schröder, H.J. (2008). Cardiac output following fetoscopic coagulation of major placental vessels in fetal sheep. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 32(7), 917–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.5364
Thuring, A., Brännström, K.J., Ewerlöf, M., Hernandez-Andrade, E., Ley, D., Lingman, G., Liuba, K., Maršál, K., & Jansson, T. (2013). Operator auditory perception and spectral quantification of umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound signals. PloS One, 8(5), e64033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064033
Velasco, A., & Ruiz, S. (2020). New Approaches to Assess Fertility in Domestic Animals: Relationship between Arterial Blood Flow to the Testicles and Seminal Quality. Animals, 11(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010012
Viana, J.H.M., Arashiro, E.K.N., Siqueira, L.G.B., Ghetti, A.M., Areas, V.S., Guimarães, C.R.B., Palhao, M.P., Camargo, L.S.A., & Fernandes, C.A.C. (2013). Doppler ultrasonography as a tool for ovarian management. Anim. Reprod., 10(3), 215–222.
Copyright (c) 2022 Servicio de Publicaciones, University of Murcia (Spain)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
The works published in this journal are subject to the following terms:
1. The Publications Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) retains the property rights (copyright) of published works, and encourages and enables the reuse of the same under the license specified in paragraph 2.
© Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2019
2. The works are published in the online edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (legal text). You can copy, use, distribute, transmit and publicly display, provided that: i) you cite the author and the original source of publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work), ii) are not used for commercial purposes, iii ) mentions the existence and specifications of this license.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
3. Conditions of self-archiving. Is allowed and encouraged the authors to disseminate electronically pre-print versions (version before being evaluated and sent to the journal) and / or post-print (version reviewed and accepted for publication) of their works before publication, as it encourages its earliest circulation and diffusion and thus a possible increase in its citation and scope between the academic community. RoMEO Color: Green.
