Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of a probiotic mixture against Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica in infant formulas
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica have been implicated in outbreaks causing sepsis and meningitis in infants. Several infection cases have been associated with the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formulae. Besides its role in modulating gut microbiota, the inclusion of probiotics in infant formulae may be useful to counteract pathogen contamination in these products and thus to reduce the risk of infection. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a mixture of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium infantis against Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica in reconstituted follow-on formulae. For that, infant formulae (with or without probiotics) were inoculated with either C. sakazakii or S. enterica and incubated at 30 or 40ºC for 72 hours. Overall, the results showed the presence of probiotics inhibiting the growth of C. sakazakii together with incubation temperature (interaction between both factors). Probiotics were viable throughout the incubation period so that nutrient exhaustion could be ruled out as the mechanism of C. sakazakii inhibition. Thus, the acidification of media observed during the study was hypothesized to be responsible for pathogen growth inhibition. However, since in the case of formulae inoculated with Salmonella the behavior of probiotics and pH values was similar to C. sakazakii, the decrease of pH does not satisfactorily explain such a different behavior. So, it is suggested that the production of specific bacteriocins by probiotics against C. sakazakii but not against Salmonellla could be the underlying inhibitory mechanism. Further studies should be carried out to test this hypothesis.
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