Agroecology and the design of climate change resilient farming systems

Abstract

Diverse, severe and location-specific impacts on agricultural production are anticipated with climate change.Temperature and water availability remain key factors in determining crop growth and productivity, predicted changes in these factors will lead to reduced crop yields. Climate induced changes in insect pest, pathogen and weed population dynamics and invasiveness could compound such effects. Undoubtedly climate and weather induced instability will affect levels of and access to food supply. Changes that will not radically modify the monoculture nature of dominant agroecosystems may temporarily moderate negative impacts. The biggest and most durable benefits will likely result from more radical agroecological measures that will strengthen the resilience of farmers and rural communities, such as diversification of agroecosytems in the form of polycultures, agroforestry systems and crop-livestock mixed systems accompanied by organic soil management, water conservation and harvesting and general enhancement of agrobiodiversity. Traditional farming systems are repositories of a wealth of principles and measures that can help modern agricultural systems become more resilient to climatic extremes. Many of these agroecological strategies that reduce vulnerabilities to climate variability include, crop diversification, maintaining local genetic diversity, animal integration, soil organic management, water conservation and harvesting, etc. Understanding the agroecological features that underlie the resilience of traditional agroecosystems is an urgent matter, as they can serve as the foundation for the design of adapted agricultural systems. Field surveys and results reported in the literature suggest that agroecosystems are more resilient when inserted in a complex landscape matrix, featuring adapted local germplasm deployed in diversified cropping systems managed with organic matter rich soils and water conservation-harvesting techniques. The identification of systems that have withstood climatic events recently or in the past and understanding the agroecological features of such systems that allowed them to resist and/or recover from extreme events is of increased urgency, as the derived resiliency principles and practices that underlie successful farms can be disseminated to thousands of farmers.