SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia (Editum)
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms: 1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2. © Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013 2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned. 3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community. The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms: 1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2. © Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013 2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned. 3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
Decreased HOMA-IR levels after physical exercise as a therapy to reduce insulin resistance: A systematic review
A sedentary lifestyle can increase metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine how physical activity reduces insulin resistance by reducing HOMA-IR levels. This study also provides a theoretical basis for physical exercise in preventing insulin resistance in humans. For our systematic review, we searched several literature databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) for articles published in the past five years that examined physical activity and HOMA-IR. A total of 422 published papers were located using the Web of Science, Pubmed, and Science Direct databases. Ten papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria were chosen and examined for this systematic review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used in this study to assess standard operating procedures. It has been demonstrated that regular exercise lowers insulin resistance by lowering HOMA-IR values. It has been proven that physical exercise is the best therapy for people with metabolic diseases, especially insulin resistance. Physical exercise has been shown to significantly reduce insulin resistance by decreasing HOMA-IR levels. Therefore, regular physical exercise is highly recommended as the best therapy for insulin resistance in humans.
Copyright (c) 2026 SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Effectiveness of culture-based game exercises on cognitive function in older adults participating in gymnastics
The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of culture-based game exercise training on the cognitive function of older adults. This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test control design. The research subjects were 40 elderly individuals who are members of the Teratai elderly gymnastics group in the Nogotirto Gamping housing area, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research instruments included the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) to measure cognitive function, along with video recordings of physical exercise activities, recordings of culture-based game songs, and exercise props. After being given the intervention of culture-based game exercise training in the intervention group (IG), there was a significant improvement in cognitive function scores from pre-test to post-test (MMSE score: Fh;df=19; α=3.622; p=.003 < .05), and there was a significant difference in the change in MMSE scores between the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG) (Fh;df=19; α=0.280; p = .004 < .05) with a large effect size (d=2.363). In the control group (CG), which engaged in daily activities such as singing culture-based game songs, cognitive function also improved, but the change was not statistically significant (p>.05). In conclusion, culture-based game exercise is effective in improving cognitive function in older adults.
Effectiveness of myofascial release technique versus dry cupping therapy in management of patients with non-specific low back pain
This study aimed to compare the effects of myofascial release and cupping techniques on pain levels, spinal mobility, and functional impairments in individuals with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). This study was a randomized controlled trial employing a pre-test and post-test design. Sixty male and female patients diagnosed with NSLBP, aged 45 to 55, participated. They were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A, in which 20 patients received myofascial release (MFR) along with conventional physical therapy; Group B, in which 20 patients received cupping therapy in addition to conventional physical therapy; and Group C, in which 20 patients received only conventional physical therapy. All groups underwent treatment three times per week for four consecutive weeks. Visual analog scale (VAS) results indicated significant improvements within each group; however, group A demonstrated superior pain reduction compared to groups B and C (p<0.05). Additionally, all three groups exhibited improvements in functional disability levels and range of motion, with group A showing statistically significant superiority over the other two groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, myofascial release therapy was more effective than cupping therapy in reducing pain, improving functional impairment, and enhancing lumbar range of motion in NSLBP patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Comparison of the effects of core stabilization exercises on muscle strength and balance in women and men
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of core stabilization exercises on balance and core muscle strength in healthy male and female individuals and to determine whether these effects differ by gender. The study was conducted at the Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Laboratory of Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University. Thirty university students, aged between 18 and 30, voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups: 15 women and 15 men. The static balance of the participants was measured using the Flamingo Balance Test, and their dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test. The core muscle strength evaluations were performed using the "Core Muscle Strength and Stability" test, which consists of 9 stages. Both groups were provided with a 6-week core stabilization exercise program, which was applied three days a week. At the end of the study, the final test results of the women and men were compared to examine the effects of core stabilization exercises, which were applied for the same duration and intensity, on balance and muscle strength. The results showed significant differences in the static and dynamic balance measurements in women (p<0.05), while no such difference was observed in men (p>0.05). No significant difference in muscle strength tests was found between women and men (p>0.05). It is important to consider gender-specific differences in the planning and implementation of core stabilization programs.
Effect of adding high-intensity strengthening exercises to conventional physiotherapy in athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding high-intensity strengthening exercises (HISE) to the conventional physiotherapy program in athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Thirty-two athletes with SIS were randomly and equally assigned into two groups; HISE group (n=16) and conventional physiotherapy group (n=16). The HISE group received both HISE and conventional physiotherapy programs, while the conventional physiotherapy group received only the conventional physiotherapy program. Both groups received a total of 18 sessions at a rate of 3 sessions/week for six weeks. Outcome measures included shoulder function and performance, muscle strength of the external and internal rotators and supraspinatus, acromio-humeral distance at 0° and 90° abduction, and supraspinatus tendon thickness. There was a significant improvement in shoulder performance (p=0.029), shoulder muscle strength of external rotators at 0 abduction (p<0.001) and at 90-90 abduction/external rotation (p<0.001), internal rotators at 0 abduction (p=0.001) and at 90-90 abduction/external rotation (p=0.001), and supraspinatus muscle (p<0.001), acromio-humeral distance at 0 (p=0.031) and 90 degrees of active abduction (p<0.001), and supraspinatus tendon thickness (p=0.009) in the HISE group compared to the conventional physiotherapy group post-treatment. However, no significant difference was observed in shoulder function (p=0.259). It could be concluded that the addition of supervised progressive HISE to the conventional physiotherapy in SIS in athletes improves shoulder performance, muscle strength, acromio-humeral distance, and supraspinatus tendon thickness.
Teachers’ beliefs about the physical education and sports profession and their impact on quality of work life
This study examined the impact of physical education teachers’ beliefs about their profession on their quality of work life. The research sample consisted of 90 physical education and sports teachers (17 female, 73 male) employed in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in Siirt Province, Turkey. The researchers utilized personal information forms, the “Quality of Work Life Scale” and the questionnaire “Physical Education Teachers’ Beliefs about the Physical Education Profession”. The findings revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between overall beliefs about the profession and quality of work life (r = 0.244, p = 0.021). Regression analysis revealed that the overall beliefs about the profession were significant predictors of quality of work life (β = 0.244, p = 0.021). Of the overall beliefs, the value of the physical education profession had a significant positive effect on quality of work life (β = 0.255, p = 0.015), while sense of calling had no significant effect (p > 0.05). Beliefs about the profession were found to be significant predictors of individual quality of work life (p < 0.01), while the relationship between overall beliefs about the profession and organizational quality of work life was weaker and not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the relationship between teachers’ beliefs about the profession and their quality of work life represents a significant area of inquiry within the field of physical education.
Correlation between pain, functional disability, and core endurance in individuals with chronic low back pain according to Saliba’s Postural Classification System
This study aimed to investigate the correlation of the pain intensity, function disability and core endurance in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain (CMLBP) classified according to Saliba’s postural classification system (SPCS). A total of 60 patients with age ranged from 20-50 years with CMLBP were recruited and randomized into one of the six postural classification groups (10 patients per group). The visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to measure pain severity and functional disability respectively. Core endurance tests were used to measure core muscles endurance. Pain intensity significantly correlated with function disability in vertical/posterior and anterior/anterior group (r=0.724, p<0.05), while negative correlation existed between pain and core endurance in vertical /posterior group (p<0.05). Furthermore, among CMLBP patients, there were significant positive correlations between pain and function disability (p<0.05), and negative correlations between pain and core endurance (p<0.05), as well as functional disability and core endurance (p<0.05). Pain and functional disability seemed to be highly correlated in vertical/posterior group and negative correlation existed between pain and core endurance in the same group. While among CMLBP patients, pain is strongly associated with functional disability, while both pain and functional disability are inversely related to core endurance, particularly in the vertical/posterior group.
Isokinetic strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings in professional handball players
The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the left and right hamstring and the quadriceps muscle group in professional handball players. It also aimed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between these two muscle groups. The study included eight professional handball players from the "Borac" team, Banja Luka. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The following variables were assessed: maximum quadriceps torque (MQT), maximum hamstring torque (MHT), and hamstring–quadriceps ratio (HQR), to determine the presence of muscle imbalances bilaterally and unilaterally. Isokinetic testing of knee strength was performed on both knees at the Institute for Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, using the CON-TREX CYK device, which allows comprehensive assessment of muscle and joint function. Based on the findings, there was no significant muscle imbalance in handball players, i.e., no significant difference in quadriceps or hamstring strength between the left and right legs, either bilaterally or unilaterally (p > 0.05). The strength of the left and right quadriceps and hamstrings showed minimal variation, with no evidence of muscle imbalance. In professional and elite sports, information from isokinetic diagnostics is essential for designing training programs and preventing injuries. This study provides normative data for the handball player population.
Analysis of the physical fitness of practitioners of Eastern healing systems and martial arts
This experimental study aimed to analyze the physical fitness of people who practice Eastern healing systems and ‎martial arts, in comparison to people who do not practice sport. The study population consisted of all 674 members of the Cultural Institute in Poltava, Ukraine. From this population, participants (n=36) were randomly selected and divided into two groups. The first group (experimental) included people who regularly practiced martial arts or Eastern healing systems. The second group (control) included people who did not practice any physical activity or sports on a regular basis. Each group consisted of 18 people. A set of physical fitness tests was selected for individuals participating in Eastern healing systems and martial arts, with basic and additional tests for different age groups (from 13 years old). The results demonstrated the importance of control in the process of managing the physical fitness of individuals of different ages who systematically practice Eastern healing systems or martial arts. Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed statistically significant better results (p<0.05), confirming the effectiveness of regular practice of Eastern healing systems or martial arts. It is essential to promote the practice of Eastern healing systems and martial arts across all age groups and to organize workshops to train young instructors in these systems.
The impact of three-level differentiated instruction on junior high school students' badminton performance
Badminton is included as one of the physical education subjects at the primary and secondary school levels in Indonesia. However, based on research, the achievements in badminton at general schools are still low. In class 8 at Junior High School (JHS) Negeri 2 Sleman, with a sample of 31 students who participated in a diagnostic test, only 3 students met the minimum criteria, resulting in a 91% failure rate. This indicates the need for remedial teaching. To improve the achievements, the implementation of a three-level differentiated instruction model was proposed. The research method used was an experimental hypothesis test with a t-test. The research design was as follows: y1 x y2, where y1 is the initial condition, x represents the treatment process, and y2 is the condition after the treatment. The results of the study showed that, after the intervention, the average final test score was 84.62, and 26 students (84%) met the minimum passing criteria. The t-test results indicated a t-value of 6.72 and a critical t-value of 2.04. Since the t-value is greater than the critical t-value, the three-level differentiated instruction model (X) has a positive impact on improving students' performance in badminton (Y). The three-level differentiated learning model can be applied to other subjects with different characteristics, such as mathematics, physics, social sciences, and other disciplines, based on the relevant theoretical framework.
Assessment of dietary patterns, physical activity levels, and sedentary lifestyle in adolescents from an urban high school
This quantitative cross-sectional study evaluated nutritional habits, physical activity levels, and sedentary behaviors in 62 students in 4th grade of secondary education (15.44±0.62 years) from a public high school in Zaragoza, Spain. Results showed that students consumed an average of 1.98±1.42 servings of fruit and 2.05±1.61 servings of vegetables daily, with higher intake of meat (2.00±1.24) than fish (1.00±1.21). Gender differences were found (p<0.05): males consumed more meat while females ate more vegetables and practiced voluntary fasting more frequently. On average, students engaged in physical activity 3.15±2.62 days per week, with males being significantly more active. Screen time was considerable (1.52±0.88 hours TV; 2.73±1.34 video games). Correlations revealed positive associations between physical activity and healthy food consumption (r>0.39), while sedentary behaviors were related to unhealthy foods (r>0.43). These findings suggest the need for specific interventions that promote healthy habits within the school environment.
Enhancing athletic performance and well-being: The role of RFID Technology in health monitoring and sports psychology
This study examined the integration of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology into sports psychology to enhance the monitoring and support of athletes' physical and mental performance. The review focused specifically on technologies used in sport performance and sport psychology contexts. Two groups of technologies were considered: 1) Wearable sensors. 2) RFID-based systems. Through the use of RFID-enabled wearable sensors, athletes can be tracked non-intrusively, providing real-time data on physiological markers such as heart rate, skin temperature, and muscle activity, as well as psychological indicators like stress levels and emotional states. RFID technology enables the collection of data without direct contact, offering new possibilities for understanding the complex interactions between physical exertion and mental resilience. By combining RFID with the Internet of Things (IoT), this approach allows for continuous performance monitoring and personalized feedback, thereby helping athletes optimize their training and recovery strategies. This paper highlights the potential of RFID in sports psychology, underscoring its capability to improve athlete well-being and performance through innovative monitoring and tailored interventions.
Effects of core and dynamic balance training on motor characteristics in Turkish basketball league players
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of core and dynamic balance training on reaction speed and agility in A-team basketball players. A total of 29 male basketball players participated in the study, with athletes divided into two groups: experimental (n=14) and control (n=15). The experimental group received core and dynamic balance training three days a week in addition to technical and tactical basketball training for 8 weeks, while the control group received only technical and tactical training for the same duration. Body fat percentage (measured with Tanita BC 418-ma), the lane agility drill, and reactive shuttle run tests were conducted before and after the training as performance measurements. When analyzing the pre-test and post-test results regarding the effects of core and dynamic balance training on the motoric characteristics of players in the Turkish Basketball League, no significant difference was found in the Reactive Shuttle Run test for the experimental group (p<0.05). However, significant differences were observed in both the experimental and control groups for the other tests (p>0.05). The findings indicated that core and dynamic balance exercises, when added to basketball training, did not show an additional effect on the athletes in the experimental group, unlike the control group. However, no difference was found in the results of the Reactive Shuttle Run test between the two groups.
Effect of pranayama versus aerobic exercise on hematological parameters in women with iron-deficiency anemia
A growing body of evidence shows that individuals with iron deficiency anemia have deficits in some of their hematological parameters that may be associated with increased fatigue, which affects their quality of life. This study aimed to differentiate between the efficacy of pranayama and aerobic exercise on hematological parameters in females with iron deficiency anemia. Sixty patients aged between 30 and 40 years were selected from the outpatient clinic of October 6 University Hospital and were randomly divided into two groups. Study group (I) (n=30) participated in 12 weeks of anemia medication, diet recommendations, and 50 minutes of yoga practice, divided into 15 minutes of asana, 30 minutes of pranayama, and 5 minutes of meditation, for six times/week. Control group (II) (n=30) participated in 12 weeks of medical treatment of anemia, dietary advice, and treadmill aerobic exercise sessions for six times per week. All subjects were assessed by a hematology analyzer, a six-minute walking test, and the fatigue severity scale before and after the treatment program. In both groups, there were statistically significant improvements in all assessed variables except lymphocytes (p<0.05), with a higher percentage of improvement in favor of group I. Pranayama is more effective than aerobic exercise in improving hematological parameters in females with iron deficiency anemia.
Enhancing critical thinking skills through rhythmic gymnastics activities
This study explored the potential of gross motor activities—particularly rhythmic gymnastics—as a medium for enhancing students' critical thinking skills. Conducted as true experimental research with a quantitative descriptive approach, the study employed a time-series design involving three consecutive rhythmic gymnastics learning sessions using the SENSITIF (Senam Siswa Kreatif) program. The program emphasizes creative movement tasks designed to stimulate both physical and cognitive development. A total of 26 eighth-grade students from Junior High School 2 Pengasih, Yogyakarta, participated in the study, consisting of 13 female and 13 male students. Students’ critical thinking performance was assessed through structured observational instruments embedded in the SENSITIF program. The results showed statistically significant improvements in students’ critical thinking skills across the three sessions (p < 0.05). The highest gain was observed between the first and third sessions, indicating a cumulative effect of the rhythmic movement intervention. These findings suggest that rhythmic gymnastics, when delivered through pedagogically sound and student-centered approaches, can foster critical thinking by engaging students in decision-making, reflection, creativity, and collaboration. The study highlights the need to redefine PE curricula to support holistic learning—where physical, cognitive, and affective domains are developed in synergy.
Gender differences and predictors of the impact of self-regulated learning in physical education on muscle strengthening in adolescents
Low participation in muscle-strengthening physical activity (MSPA), especially among adolescent girls, highlights the importance of self-regulation in fostering this habit. Given the importance of self-efficacy for adolescent physical education students in initiating and maintaining healthy physical activity habits, this study explored how variables from Zimmerman’s model (self-efficacy, planning, self-control, effort, evaluation, and reflection) relate to gender and affect participants’ reported levels of healthy physical activity habits. Zimmerman's self-regulated learning (SRL) model was implemented in 295 adolescents (12-17 years; M = 14.2, SD = 1.47; 53.9 % male, 46.1 % female). The cross-sectional study assessed SRL and MSPA using specific questionnaires. Significant differences were found in self-efficacy (p = 0.008), effort (p < 0.001) and self-reflection (p = 0.014), with higher scores in men, whereas the total self-regulation score favoured women (p = 0.035). Higher MSPA levels were associated with higher SRL scores across all dimensions of SRL: self-efficacy (ε² = 0.1893), planning (ε² = 0.0957), effort (ε² = 0.1821), self-control (ε² = 0.0808), evaluation (ε² = 0.1057), reflection (ε² = 0.1367) and total self-regulation score (ε² = 0.184). The model explained 20.9 % of the variability in MSPA, with self-efficacy (p = 0.006) and effort (p = 0.034) as significant predictors. The study underscores the need to integrate SRL into MSPA-promoting educational interventions using inclusive approaches and explicit instruction.
Examining trajectories of gender equality in sport for development: A text mining analysis
The study aimed to identify key themes in gender equality discourse within sport for development (SFD) literature, map their evolution, and assess the influence of sociopolitical contexts on gender equality approaches in SFD. The methodology involved a text-mining analysis of 526 English-language research articles on gender equality and sport development published from 2000 to 2021. The findings revealed a trajectory in the literature from an acritical stage towards more nuanced activation and liberation stages, varying across sociopolitical contexts. Key themes included the role of cultural norms, the impact of policy frameworks, and the emergence of intersectional approaches. The analysis highlighted a shift from focusing on participation rates to addressing systemic barriers and power dynamics within SFD contexts. While recent literature has developed more sophisticated analytical categories for examining gender equality in sport, there remains a gap in research exploring the role of sociopolitical agents in driving change. The study's semantic configurations align closely with international sports frameworks, suggesting a strong influence of global policy on local SFD initiatives. This research provides a comprehensive, data-driven overview of how gender equality discourses in SFD have evolved over two decades. It underscores the importance of considering sociopolitical contexts in designing and implementing SFD programs to promote gender equality.
Effects of a training method on 13-14-year-old female volleyball players in Tirana, Albania
The aim of this study was to improve skill indicators in female volleyball players of Tirana in Albania, with a real-time training model of 15 min. A total of 30 female volleyball players, aged 13-14 years (13.0±0.6 years), was divided into two teams: the experimental team (N = 15) and the control team (N = 15). The study was conducted from September to December 2023. During this period of time, the experimental team underwent a 15-minute training intervention, 3 times a week, while the control team followed the coach’s standard training program. Participants were subjected to anthropometric measurements, including body height, body weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Subjects were also tested on Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), 20-cm Drop Jump (DJ), Agility Test, Lateral Change of Direction, T-Test, Shuttle Run Test (10 x 5 m) and Hexagonal Test. The tests were conducted before and after the implementation of the intervention training program. The linear effect of the intervention was statistically significant [F (1,22) = 53.797, p<0.001)], indicating that there is a significant difference across levels of intervention. The findings from this study suggest that the applied methodology is effective in comparing performances, enabling trainers to design real-time training programs for developing specific physical components based on existing conditions.
Character development through physical education: A systematic literature review
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the existing literature on the role of physical education towards character development. The research was conducted using a systematic literature review. Through this process, studies were identified by screening titles, abstracts, and full texts of articles published between 2005 and 2024. The 7 included studies employed various research designs, methods, and instruments to examine concepts related to character development specifically through physical activity. These concepts were grouped into the following 6 themes: problem solving; responsibility; discipline; mindfulness or respect; assertiveness; and confidence in positive behavior. The main findings for each of the 6 themes reported mostly positive associations between the role of physical education and character development. This review provides an overview of the research on the benefits of physical education on character development.
The influence of sex on high intensity swimming test
Differences based on sex have been reported in the energetic and mechanical demands of different exercise modalities; however, no studies have analyzed the influence of sex during high-intensity swimming. The aim of this study was to determine sex-based differences in the response to a high intensity swimming test on performance, fatigue, blood lactate concentrations (BLa) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). A total of 23 competitive swimmers (11 males; 12 females) performed 8 sets of 50-m at maximum intensity with 2 minutes of recovery intra-sets. Pre- and post-exercise, BLa was analysed. In addition, RPE were administered at the end of each 50-m. Differences were detected in the high intensity swimming test on sex (η²p=0.566; p<0.001) and time (η²p=0.233; p<0.001), but not for the interaction time·sex (p>0.05). It was reported an effect for time on BLa (η²p=0.947; p<0.001) and RPE (η²p=0.559; p<0.001), but not for sex nor the interaction time·sex (p>0.05). Although males are faster, not differences were found in BLa, fatigue nor RPE between sexes. These results could be mediated by the all-out nature of the protocol and practical implications suggest that it is not necessary to adapt the training load in high intensity swimming session attending to the sex of the athletes.
The effect of therapeutic massage and stretching exercises on ankle joint flexibility in patients with spastic cerebral palsy
The study aimed to identify the impact of the proposed therapeutic massage and stretching exercises program on the flexibility of the ankle joint among patients with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). A total of eight females with SCP, aged 10-14 years, underwent the program of exercises through 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. The proposed program included therapeutic massage applied to the back, pelvis, legs, and feet in each treatment session for 45 minutes, followed by stretching exercises for the back, pelvis, legs, and feet immediately after the therapeutic massage for a period of 15 minutes. A goniometer was used to measure the flexibility of the ankle joint. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements of the sample, in favor of the post-measurements for the study outcome (p<0.05). The use of therapeutic massage and stretching exercises for patients with spastic cerebral palsy within a standardized program helps to increase the flexibility of the muscles of the lower extremities and the flexibility of the ankle joint, which improves the functional efficiency of the patient.
Coach-athlete relationship and athlete mental health: 30 years of bibliometric mapping using VOSViewer
This study employed a bibliometric analysis to examine and visualize the literature on coach-athlete relationships and athlete mental health from over the past 30 years using VOSViewer Software. The study identified the primary authors and countries/regions that contribute to this literature, with the United States being the leading contributor in research productivity. Scientific collaboration tends is more prevalent among academics from nations or regions with shared cultures, languages, and histories. Co-citation analysis revealed the intellectual structure of the topic, highlighting major clusters of interrelated journals. There are multiple research topics that are categorized in these groups, such as the coach-athlete relationship and athlete mental health. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the development and effectiveness of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete mental health but also contribute to the advancement of sports science. The results can inform the development of improved training policies, enhanced training methods to support athletes' mental well-being, and innovative evidence-based approaches to mental health management. Therefore, this study is highly beneficial for coaches, sports practitioners, and researchers in optimizing the coach-athlete relationship and athlete psychological well-being.
An intercontinental expansion of European club competitions: A new reality? The case of Dubai and EuroLeague
Euroleague is the second-best basketball league worldwide. To grow the competition, Euroleague plans to integrate a team from Dubai. The aim of this study was to meaningfully contribute to the discussion about the feasibility of this idea. Through a case study, using an exhaustive analysis of primary and secondary sources, we analyzed the peculiar nature of Euroleague, the consequences of this expansion on European basketball and the vision of Gulf countries governments regarding sport investments. We found that Dubai fits partially the conditions for Euroleague membership. Theoretically, Euroleague could become a paradigm-changing organization. Practically, it could attract interest from leagues due to this idea. However, it could affect interdependencies with other stakeholders and attract criticism due to the human rights record in Emirates. This underscores the importance of stakeholder engagement in this initiative to create lasting social change in Dubai, promoting sport as a positive force.
Match load & technique differences in winning and losing female youth tennis players on clay courts
The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in match load and technique between winners and losers in female youth tennis competitions on clay courts. Ten female youth tennis players (age 15.80 ± 0.42 years), all ranked in the singles ranking in International Tennis Federation (ITF) Junior. A simulated clay court competition using standard rules was the setting for the study. Technical data was scrutinized using Dartfish and the matched load was evaluated and contrasted by utilizing Banister's, Edward's, and Rating of Perceived Exertion–based Training Impulse (RPE TRIMP). The results found that the second set has a statistically significant lower load than the first set up p ≤ .05. Pearson correlation indicated that the Backhand and Smash Technique has a strong relationship with training impulse (TRIMP) in all winners, but mostly TRIMP tends to have a negative relationship with many techniques in the losers group. It appears that winning youth players have lower competition loads than losing players and are more efficient in their technique in competition. The importance of proper match load analysis and competition technique together may be a guideline to increase the chance of winning in youth tennis competitions on clay courts.
The effect of Neurofeedback SMR training on psycho-physiological and behavioral phenomena in professional handball players: An exploratory study
This study aimed on examining the effects of Sensory Motor Rhythm training (SMR-T) on various psychophysiological and behavioral phenomena in professional handball players. The study involved ten handball players, with no prior experience in neurofeedback training, four undergoing the SMR-T protocol and six serving as the control group. Using a small-N, multiple-measures design, changes in reaction time, focused attention, general and pre-competition anxiety were monitored, while interviews assessed the subjective experiences and perceptions of the protocol's effects in the experimental group. Quantitative analysis based on descriptive parameters revealed a mild tendency towards improvement in pre-competition anxiety in the control group, while much stronger tendencies for improvement were observed in the experimental group across nearly all tested parameters, specifically regarding reaction time, focused attention, general anxiety, and pre-competition anxiety. Inferential statistics, likely due to the small sample size, did not confirm statistically significant differences between groups after the intervention, except for general and pre-competition anxiety. However, moderate to strong effect sizes suggest that this method may have significant potential for impacting the outcomes measured. Qualitative findings also point to psychological benefits of SMR-T, including perceived reduction in pre-competition anxiety, enhanced focused attention, improved sleep, and other positive behavioral effects. The results suggest that SMR-T could be a valuable tool, not only for performance enhancement, but also for improving overall well-being in professional athletes.
Comparing sport education pedagogy in rural and urban schools: A qualitative approach
The aim of this study was to observe whether there are differences between urban and rural school environments when applying an intervention based on the pedagogical model of sports education. A group of 26 sixth-grade students (15 from urban schools and 11 from rural schools) participated. After the analysis of the open questions that were proposed to the participating students, the transfer of the activity outside the classroom and the similarity to a formal season in professional sports were observed as positive aspects in the urban school. Affiliation and competitiveness were the negative aspects, and competitiveness were the most important elements of the intervention. In the rural school, affiliation and help from older classmates were observed as positive aspects. As negative aspects, the weather and competitiveness, and as the most significant elements the novelty and the possibility of building their own material and being able to use it outside the school. It was concluded that the social relationships experienced by students in rural schools are more positive than in urban schools and that the intervention is shown to be an effective strategy in both school environments.
Physical Education in the 21st century: An integrative review of its innovative characteristics
This study aimed to identify the innovative characteristics of 21st-century school PE through an integrative literature review. The descriptors used were "Physical Education," "21st century," and "innovation" in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, covering the period from 2010 to 2020 in the Eric, Dialnet, Scielo, and Capes databases. A deductive content analysis was conducted on the final 38 selected articles, organizing the identified characteristics into four analytical categories (axes) and 18 subcategories (criteria). Regarding the first axis (subject objectives), the study showed that 21st-century Physical Education (PE) places students at the center of their learning process, emphasizing "learning to be, to know, and to live together" through "learning by doing" within the manifestations of motor culture. Regarding the second axis (methodology), the literature recommends using active methodologies that develop life skills through meaningful, authentic learning situations that engage students in a competence-based and holistic manner. It is also suggested that these learning experiences be linked to social reality and approached from a critical and post-critical perspective. Concerning the third axis (assessment), a formative and shared assessment throughout the teaching-learning process is advocated. Finally, in terms of institutional management (fourth axis), an open and flexible approach is deemed necessary, extending beyond the school walls through collaborations with the broader community.
Sport supplement consumption in children and adolescents competing in swimming in the Valencian Community
The consumption of sports supplements (SS) is on the rise, including among children and adolescents. The lack of studies on SS consumption habits in these age groups represents a significant gap. The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of SS consumption in children and adolescents competing in swimming, analyzing the different types of SS they use and assessing whether there are age-related differences. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 148 competitive swimmers from the Valencian Community (age: 12.6±2.7). To collect data for this study, a questionnaire was used consisting of three sections: personal and anthropometric data, information about sports practice, and aspects related to supplement consumption, including types, reasons, sources of advice, and places of purchase. A total of 66.9% of respondents reported using SS. The average number of SS consumed by the sample was 2.6. The main reason, place of purchase, and advisor selected by the sample were performance improvement (86.9%), specialized stores (62.6%), and coaches/trainers (74.7%), respectively. The three most consumed SS were sports bars (73.7%), sports drinks (69.7%), and multivitamins (36.4%). This knowledge is crucial for developing educational programs to prevent unnecessary and indiscriminate use of supplements.
Nationalism and xenophobia in cricket: Identifying distinctions, examining promotion, and proposing solutions
Various forms of racism are present in all types of sports. Xenophobia, in this context, is considered a new type of racism centered around the fear or dislike of foreigners, often intertwined with nationalism. As cricket’s most popular format is matches between countries, this qualitative study aimed to examine whether nationalism in the sport is intentionally or unintentionally spreading xenophobia. A total of 20 participants (6 females and 14 males) from academic and professional cricket backgrounds, comprising sociology scholars, lecturers, PhD students, national-level umpires, professional players, coaches, journalists, and cricket board officials, participated in four focus groups, with five members in each focus group. The findings suggest that nationalism plays a role in partially promoting xenophobia, and within the context of cricket, nationalism may intentionally or unintentionally foster xenophobic attitudes, while also proposing potential policies to mitigate such issues. Overall, the study emphasizes the urgency of tackling xenophobia in cricket through proactive measures promoting inclusivity and combating discriminatory attitudes.
Sports tutors’ perceptions of primary school physical education: A contextual analysis
The 2022 Italian budget law introduced two weekly physical education (PE) hours in IV and V primary classes with a specialist teacher. Ahead of this, the "Active Kids in School" (ASK) project, led by a sports tutor alongside the generalist teacher, ran in IV and V classes in 2021/2022. The aim of this study was to analyze the current contextual situation related to the teaching of PE in primary school, through the perceptions of the ASK project's sports tutors, potential PE teachers with master’s degree in exercise and sport sciences. A descriptive correlational study design was implemented. An ad hoc questionnaire, focused on participants' characteristics, tutors' perceptions on their teaching, perceived competence and work satisfaction, and obstacles to PE, was administered to 48 sports tutors (26±2.4 years), recruited through convenience sampling. The results showed a critical situation related to PE teaching in primary school, mainly due to the training gaps of tutors in sports, inclusive strategies and classroom group management, and the lack of gyms and sports equipment. Significant correlations emerged between tutors' age and PE training adequacy (p=.007; r =.38), tutors' age and perception of work satisfaction (p=.001; r =.44), PE training adequacy and work satisfaction (p=.000; r =.85). This evidence should be considered by authorities managing the system-wide adoption of legislative innovation, particularly teacher-training universities.
Nutrition and physical activity behaviors in 16-18 -year-old adolescents in Tirana
Being overweight or obese is a sign of nutritional issues in teenagers. An imbalance between adolescent physical activity and dietary consumption contributes to overweight. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of dietary variations and physical activity on adolescents' nutritional status. This particular research employed a cross-sectional design framework. The study involved 510 adolescents aged 16 to 19 years who were in a school in Tirana. A questionnaire intended to assess health-promoting activities was filled out by adolescents and was based on two subscales of the HPLP II. The ANOVA test was used to analyze the statistical data. The findings indicated a statistically significant difference in nutritional intake between adolescents with normal nutritional status and those with a higher nutritional status, with a p-value of (p<0.05); however, statistically significant difference was observed in nutritional intake and physical activity levels between the two groups of adolescents, as indicated by p-value of (p>0.05). There is a difference in consumption, and we can deduce variations in dietary consumption and physical activity based on teenagers' nutritional status. The nutritional status and dietary nutrient intake of adolescents should be monitored from an early age. It is important to maintain regular exercise to prevent nutritional issues that may lead to non-communicable diseases.
Development of a sit-up test instrument based on Kinect camera
This study aimed to develop a sit-up test instrument using a Kinect camera to accurately measure performance and evaluate the quality of sit-up movements. It used a Research and Development (R&D) design. The subjects consisted of 55 male athletes aged 15-22 years, representing several sports, namely rowing, diving, volleyball, football, table tennis and Sepak Takraw, with an average height of ± 177.8 cm, average body weight ± 67.9 kg. Product testing was first conducted on a small group of 15 participants, followed by a re-test on a larger group of 40 participants. This process aimed to evaluate the consistency and readiness of the developed product. The study involved three experts in sports testing, biomechanics, and software to assess the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the designed product. From the results of the assessment, the sports test and measurement expert received a score of 81, the sports biomechanics expert is 87 and the software expert is 86. The Cronbach's alpha (α) values are 0.82 and 0.78, required for reliability. The Kinect camera-based sit-up test instrument was found to be effective and efficient to use, with results that are valid and reliable in the very good category. However, a limitation of this tool is that it cannot be used outdoors, as the Kinect camera is not optimal for capturing movements under sunlight.
Growing snow volleyball in snow-restricted countries: A pilot study
Snow volleyball is an increasingly popular sport that has been earmarked as a potential Winter Olympic discipline. However, it is not typically associated with Africa. This study provided an in-depth retrospective exploration of the experience of an African player who participated in the inaugural Snow Volleyball World Championships in 2019. Through a focused one-on-one interview, the study examined her transition to snow volleyball, the challenges she faced, and her insights into the feasibility of African participation in the sport. Drawing from both her tournament experience and her broader knowledge of the volleyball landscape, she identified key barriers such as climate, accessibility, and financial constraints, while also proposing strategies to improve feasibility. These include leveraging African players competing in European leagues, developing training opportunities in North Africa, and exploring artificial snow environments. While the study primarily focuses on the player's personal journey, it also highlights pathways for the sport’s potential expansion in non-snow countries. This qualitative study serves as a pilot for a larger investigation into the introduction of snow volleyball to regions without winter sports traditions.
Aggressive behavior in Indonesian football: Relationship between attitudes towards the field referee's leadership and team cohesiveness
This study examined the aggressive tendencies of Indonesian professional football players, and the relationship between team cohesion and views of referee leadership. Also, the study looked at referee leadership's views from the perspective of team cohesiveness. The relational model was used as the foundation for the survey carried out as part of this investigation. Ninety professional football players from Indonesia's Liga Satu Gojek-Traveloka participated in the inquiry, which was carried out with their cooperation. A scale named "attitude toward the referee's leadership scale," a scale titled "team cohesion scale," and a scale titled "aggressiveness behavioral tendencies scale" were utilised as research instruments. The study showed an inverse association between the cohesiveness measure and the players' tendency to engage in aggressive conduct. In addition, there may be an inverse relationship between the propensity to engage in violent conduct and the attitude quality associated with leadership in the role of a referee.0
Effectiveness of the Sports Training Program Monitor on extracurricular activities of high school students in Central Java
The Sports Training Program Monitor is an Android-based application that can record the performance of a workout program performed by students. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the application of sports training program monitoring on extracurricular activities of high school students in Jawa Tengah province. This study employed a quantitative research design using the survey method. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, and the research instrument was a questionnaire. The total sample consisted of 128 students (41 male and 87 female). Their mean body weight was 43.76±5.89 kg, height 1.62±0.09 m, and BMI 16.92±3.15 kg/m². The average duration of exercise was 2.03 ± 0.50 weeks. The effectiveness percentage of the application was 95.66% based on 128 samples, indicating that the application has a very high efficiency score. The implementation of sports training program monitoring has a very high level of effectiveness in monitoring student activities in managing extracurricular training. Teachers and students are encouraged to use this application to manage extracurricular sports programs, as it can help develop students’ athletic potential and maintain accurate training records for extracurricular activities.
Physical activity as a stressbuster: Insights from university students
The aim of this study was to investigate how university students' psychological stress can be reduced by physical activity. Using a stratified random sampling technique, 580 students (52.93% males and 47.07% females) were chosen from three private institutions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Participants were emailed a questionnaire with 20 questions that was created based on prior research. The findings indicated that exercise positively influenced mood, reduced anxiety and depression, improved focus, and enhanced overall quality of life. Physical activity was also found to lower psychological stress and support mental health. Differences in responses were observed across gender, academic level, and college, with male students reporting slightly higher mean scores than females. Statistical analysis revealed significant gender differences (α ≤ 0.05) in perceptions of the role of physical activity in reducing psychological stress, favoring male students. This study highlights the importance of physical activity in helping university students manage psychological stress and emphasizes the necessity of integrating and promoting physical activity programs within the campus setting.
An analysis of hemoglobin levels and body fat percentage on leg power in volleyball athletes
This study aimed to determine the possible relationship between fat percentage and hemoglobin levels on leg power levels. It employed an analytical observational design using a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique applied was purposive sampling, with the sample studied involving 24 male volleyball athletes aged under 22 years. Hemoglobin was assessed using the cyanmethemoglobin method. Body fat percentage was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with the Omron Karada Scan HBF-358, while leg power was evaluated using the vertical jump test. The results indicated a strong negative relationship between the percentage of body fat and leg power (p=0.002; r=-.610), and a strong positive relationship between hemoglobin levels and leg power (p=0.001; r=0.613). The study demonstrated that a higher body fat percentage is associated with high power levels. In contrast, elevated hemoglobin concentrations are also positively related to power, indicating that both oxygen-carrying capacity and body composition may influence muscular performance.
Life satisfaction among sports participants: A systematic review
The aim of this study was to find evidence demonstrating that participating in sports activities has an impact on life satisfaction of individuals involved in these activities. The methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) technique. Databases was searched using indexing services, including Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that 1) Physical activity with social interaction and self-efficacy is important for improving life satisfaction and physical well-being across various age groups. 2) It is important to manage stress and fatigue that may arise, even though physical activity and good nutrition improve life satisfaction. 3) Body weight status and gender affect physical literacy and life satisfaction in children and adolescents. 4) Life satisfaction derived from physical activity has a significant long-term impact on health and future care needs. 5) Well-structured physical activity, whether in team practice or individual activities, can enhance life satisfaction and mental health. 6) The quality of experience in physical activity is more important than the duration in improving life satisfaction. By understanding the factors that mediate the relationship between physical activity and well-being, this research can help develop a more comprehensive theory of how physical activity affects mental and physical health.
Proposal for a teaching intervention based on the hybridization of the Sport Education and TGFU pedagogical models for Twincon work
This study aimed to present three learning situations based on pedagogical models such as Sport Education, Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU), and their hybridization. All the didactic situations have a duration of 12 sessions and are aimed at primary school pupils with the goal of promoting both psychosocial factors and the gender perspective, as well as encouraging adherence to physical activity and sport. It should be emphasized that we have responded at all times to the regulations in force in the autonomous community of Andalusia and at national level. We have tried to make the students the protagonist of their learning, favouring decision-making and autonomy from a playful, dynamic and motivating perspective, making them responsible for their learning process.
Design of a learning situation based on acrosport and focused on implementing the Cooperative Learning pedagogical model
This study presented an educational proposal focused on the gymnastic discipline of acrosport that applies the Cooperative Learning pedagogical methodology. It was intended for sixth-grade primary school students and aimed to develop and consolidate students' motor skills such as strength, flexibility, balance and coordination, artistic and expressive skills, and socio-emotional competencies derived from collaborative work, such as effective communication, shared effort and group cohesion. Therefore, it was deemed appropriate to focus attention on active and motivating methodological aspects like Cooperative Learning, using responsibility roles to foster student engagement, promoting a climate of trust, and improving self-regulation within the class group.
Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular rehabilitation: A systematic review
This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in cardiovascular rehabilitation, analyzing its impact on cardiorespiratory capacity and quality of life in patients with heart disease. Searches were conducted in PubMed and Web of Science up to 01/08/2024 using MeSH terms related to “heart disease” and “physical exercise” (“High-Intensity Interval Training” AND “Heart Diseases” OR “Heart Failure”). The results showed that HIIT significantly improves VO2max and cardiac function, outperforming moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Additionally, it enhances patients' autonomy and well-being without increasing adverse event risk. In conclusion, HIIT is established as a key strategy in cardiac rehabilitation, providing significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life for patients with heart disease. Its implementation optimizes resources in rehabilitation programs, offering an efficient alternative to MICT. However, it is crucial to continue conducting long-term studies to validate its efficacy and safety across different populations and clinical settings.
Emotional programmes through yoga in early childhood education motor skills session: A narrative review
Spanish legislation has recently incorporated the term emotional education, implying the need for a change of focus where emotions take on greater prominence. The scientific literature in the field of education highlights the suitability of the use of physical activity and yoga as tools for the development of emotional education. The aim of this study was to carry out a narrative review of the use of these resources to address quality emotional education in early childhood education. After carrying out a state of the question, the study showed that teacher training in this regard is insufficient, despite the fact that more and more professionals are deciding to include the practice of yoga in their classrooms. More research is therefore needed to equip teachers with the necessary knowledge to provide quality emotional education through physical activity and yoga.
Effect of physical activity on physical self-concept and violent behaviour: An empirical study
This study aimed to determine and compare different sociodemographic and psychosocial variables, such as violent behaviour and physical self-concept in order to find answers to this problem. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 321 students (69.8% female and 30.2 male) from different Education Degrees at the University of Granada. The instruments used included an ad hoc questionnaire and several standardized questionnaires to assess psychosocial variables: the Self-Concept Form 5 (AF-5), the Violent Behaviour at School scale, and the Attitudes towards Physical Activity and Sport scale (E.A.F.D.). Regarding the level of physical activity, the highest score was for practical activity, and regarding violent behaviors, the highest values ​​were recorded for relational aggression. As for the relationship between sex and the other variables, men have a higher physical self-concept than women (p<0.05), while the opposite was true for emotional self-concept (p<0.05). Men exhibited greater aggression than women (p<0.05), and regarding the perception of their own emotions, the use and regulation of emotions was similar, although more pronounced among men than women. Regarding physical self-concept in relation to violent behaviors, it was found that those with higher levels of violence also had a worse physical self-concept (p<0.05). In conclusion, increased physical activity leads to greater control of negative emotions (violence) and also a better self-perception.
Physical activity and emotional intelligence in Spanish undergraduates: A comparative study by autonomous region
A cross-sectional study was conducted with the following aims: 1) to assess the levels of physical activity and emotional intelligence of Spanish undergraduates of Teaching Degrees according to the autonomous region and 2) to analyze the relationship between physical activity and emotional intelligence of Spanish undergraduates based on their place of residence. The participants were undergraduates of the Teaching Degrees residing in Andalusia, Castile and Leon, Madrid and Melilla, who completed an online questionnaire covering sociodemographic information, physical activity (IPAQ-SF) and emotional intelligence (TMMS-24). The results showed that the university students performed 422.15±461.74 minutes/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity and showed high levels of emotional intelligence (attention: 30.28±6.11; clarity: 28.05±6.31; emotional repair: 28.57±6.09). It was concluded that the majority of university students meet the recommendations for physical activity. Moreover, the vigorous physical activity of Andalusian university students is positively related to attention, clarity and emotional repair.
Investigation of athletes’ attitudes towards nationalism in sports
This study was conducted to determine the attitudes of athletes towards nationalism in sports. In this study, the survey model was utilized. The sample consisted of students from the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Düzce University (n=545; 364 male and 181 female), including national athletes, university students, and athletes engaged in individual and team sports. The Nationalism Attitude Scale in Sports was used for data collection. The scale consists of 18 items in total, 9 under negative nationalism, 7 enthusiastic nationalisms, and 2 under constructive nationalism, divided into a total of 3 sub dimensions. Since the obtained data showed a normal distribution, parametric tests were employed. According to the results, it was determined that the nationalist attitudes of the athletes were at a moderate level and that there was a significant difference in the negative nationalism dimension in terms of age variable, national status and the departments they studied in (p<0.05), and that there was no significant difference in other variables (p>0.05). Overall, athletes’ attitudes toward nationalism in sports were at an adequate and desirable level, with differences observed only in the negative nationalism sub-dimension.
Spectators' perceptions of esports tourism
The aim of this study was to identify how the concept of "eSports tourism", which combines the concepts of "eSports" and "tourism," is conceptualized through metaphors by participants of this form of tourism. To achieve this, a phenomenological research design was preferred as a qualitative research method. A total of 656 individuals (n=656; 594 males and 62 females) who had participated in eSports tourism at least once were reached. Participants from various gaming platforms and communities were asked to complete a semi-structured form containing the expression "eSports tourism is like... because...". The metaphors obtained were coded using MaxQDA 2020 software and categorized into six main themes. The findings reveal that eSports tourism is most commonly associated with the themes of "Technology" (29.3%) and "Entertainment" (26.2%). It was determined that the vast majority of participants were male (90.54%) and that they had typically participated in eSports tourism once (67.37%). The most preferred game types were found to be First Person Shooter (FPS) and Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA). It was concluded that eSports tourism, while based on technological infrastructure, offers an entertainment-oriented experience, and also carries cultural and social dimensions.
Effect of a structured physical therapy program on pain, disability, and mobility in chronic nonspecific low back pain
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured physiotherapy program in reducing pain intensity (PI), and in improving functional disability (FD), and functional mobility (FM) in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP). This was a prospective cohort study with an interventional design encompassing 47 outpatients with CNSLBP aged 18-64 (48.0±12.6), comprising 15 males and 38 females. A six-week structured physical therapy program included a two-week (5x/ week) supervised physiotherapy regimen, followed by a four-week home exercise programme (HBE) encompassing stretching, endurance, strengthening and aerobic exercises. PI, FD, and FM were assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and a 30-second sit-to-stand test (30STS) respectively. NRS scores showed a significant decrease from baseline (5.93±2.95) to six weeks (2.68±1.68) after physiotherapy intervention (p<0.05). ODI scores significantly decreased from 16.36±5.70 to 7.39±5.02 (p<0.05) indicating an improvement in FD. The 30STS test reviled a significant enhancement following the two-week physiotherapy intervention (t=3.225, p=0.002). Our study showed a significant reduction in PI and an improvement in FD and FM after a two-week physiotherapy intervention. In addition, the four-week HBE program contributes to continuous improvement in PI and FD, highlighting its effectiveness in supporting and increasing the profits of the supervised phase.
Comparison of lipid and lipoprotein values among male elite student-athletes and students receiving sports training
This study aimed to compare the lipid and lipoprotein values of elite male athletes and male students receiving sports training, and to investigate the risks of cardiovascular disease. A total of 209 male students who received sports training at the Ondokuz Mayıs University were included. Fasting blood samples were taken from the subjects' antecubital vein 48 hours before the exercise sessions. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined using the Hitachi 717 Auto Analyzer. The students were similar in age, training age, height, body weight and body mass index (BMI). No significant difference was found in TG levels (p>0.05)), but TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and lipoprotein(a) [(Lp(a)] differed significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.001). Moreover, a statistical difference was found in serum lipid value according to the ratios of TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and Apo-B/Apo-A1 (p<0.001). Differences were found in lipid and lipoprotein values of elite athletes and students receiving sports training. Although all values were within normal limits, elite wrestlers had worse levels than other athletes and students. No group was at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
The impact of melatonin supplementation on auditory reaction time during sleep deprivation: A comparative study in college sportsmen
Sleep deprivation is prevalent among athletes during competitions and is known to impair both motor and mental performance. This study aimed to assess how these performance decrements vary with melatonin supplementation. Sixty college sportsmen were divided into six groups (n=10 each): (a) disturbed sleep deprivation for 48 hours, (b) complete sleep deprivation for 48 hours, (c) disturbed sleep deprivation for 48 hours with melatonin supplementation, (d) complete sleep deprivation for 48 hours with melatonin supplementation, (e) normal sleep with melatonin supplementation, and (f) normal sleep. Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland with known sleep-promoting effects, was administered orally at 6 mg for sleep-deprived groups and a placebo for non-supplemented groups. Auditory reaction time was measured using standard procedures. The results indicated that auditory reaction time decreased after 48 hours of disturbed and complete sleep deprivation, with a greater reduction observed in the melatonin supplementation group than in the placebo group. These findings underscore the complex interplay between sleep deprivation, melatonin supplementation, and auditory processing, suggesting that melatonin supplementation may mitigate the negative effects of sleep deprivation on auditory reaction time in athletes.
Uncovering the motivations of sport tourism volunteers: Insights from the Athens Marathon
This study aimed to uncover the underlying motivations and goals of sports tourism volunteers who dedicated themselves to the Athens Marathon. It presented a comprehensive and timely examination of sport tourism by employing qualitative research methods, such as interviews and participant observation. The study involved 18 participants who were part of the “Athens Marathon, the Authentic” in Greece in 2020. A qualitative online survey was developed as part of a longitudinal study and encompassed a set of open-ended inquiries addressing travel planning, motives underlying sport volunteer, and prior volunteer engagements. The findings of this study shed light on the motivations and goals of tourism volunteers participating in the Athens Marathon, revealing three primary motives: egoism, leisure, satisfaction, and acknowledgment of expertise. Egoistic motives were prominent among volunteers, driven by desires for personal recognition and achievement through their involvement in a prestigious event. Leisure motives underscored the integration of travel and recreational interests with volunteerism, enhancing the fulfilling experiences of volunteers. Satisfaction and acknowledgment of expertise were also substantial, with volunteers deriving fulfillment from their contributions and seeking recognition for specialized skills in areas such as event management and logistics. These findings contribute by emphasizing the importance of tailored volunteer engagement strategies for enhancing participant satisfaction and event success.
Barriers to physical activity among high school students in the Maule Region
Despite the growing scientific interest in physical inactivity, it is still not possible to improve the indicators; therefore, it is necessary to identify the barriers that prevent schoolchildren from maintaining healthy habits. This study aimed to identify the barriers to physical activity among secondary school students in the central-southern area of Chile. This was a quantitative, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study. The sample was one of convenience and consisted of 753 secondary school students—285 females (37.9%) and 459 males (61%)—from public and private schools in central-southern Chile. A battery of questionnaires was applied, compiling various validated instruments for this population, considering the following areas: a) socio-demographic data; b) physical activity; c) barriers to physical activity. A total of 96.9% of the sample did not comply with WHO recommendations and reported 334.52 minutes of sedentary behaviors. Regarding perceived barriers to physical activity, women reported higher scores on barriers than men. Total meets possessed a significant correlation with all barriers analyzed, while age was only correlated with the barrier of task incompatibility (r=0.148, p<0.05). Although adolescents report high or moderate levels of physical activity, they do not meet the recommended physical activity. In addition, task incompatibility is the highest barrier perceived by adolescents in both genders, while, in females, self-concept is added as one with the highest values.
Development of hypercontent–slow motion football teaching materials to improve learning motivation, critical thinking, and basic skills
This study aimed to develop and test football teaching materials enriched with hypercontent and slow-motion media to increase students’ learning motivation, critical thinking, and basic football technical skills. The research conducted in this study falls under the development research type, utilizing the ADDIE model (Analysis-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate). In the evaluation phase of the ADDIE model, a quasi-experimental design was applied to determine the effectiveness of the developed materials. A total of 68 first-year students majoring in Sports Education participated in the study, divided equally into two groups: an experimental group (n = 34) that used the hypercontent–slow motion teaching materials, and a control group (n = 34) that followed conventional instruction. The soccer teaching materials based on hypercontent-slow motion were evaluated as highly suitable supporting media for lectures, receiving favorable scores from media experts (4.3), material experts (4.2), and learning design experts (4.17). The results showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in learning motivation, critical thinking, and basic football technical abilities in the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of the hypercontent–slow motion teaching materials. In conclusion, the soccer teaching materials based on slow motion enriched hypercontent have proven to be effective in enhancing various skills and aspects of learning, making them a valuable resource for students' soccer education.
Analysis of the offensive phase in elite soccer through observational methodology: A systematic review
This systematic review focused on analyzing the offensive phase of elite soccer using observational methodology, following the PRISMA guidelines for the collection and synthesis of existing literature. An exhaustive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, selecting publications from January 2012 to December 2022, and with search terms such as tactical analysis, style, and gameplay patterns, among others. Furthermore, the GREOM guide was followed, which ensures a standard of quality in works carried out using observational methodology. Of the 1,114 articles identified, 68 met the criteria for inclusion in the final sample, which were taxonomically categorized according to their focus: player analysis, offensive tactics, goal analysis, set-piece actions, and the influence of contextual factors. The findings indicated that offensive efficacy in elite soccer is a complex phenomenon, resulting from the interaction between individual skills, team strategies, and adaptability to situational factors. This study concluded that offensive performance should be approached from a holistic perspective that considers the confluence of various variables for its comprehensive understanding.
Development of a sprinter talent identification model in children aged 10–12 years
This study aimed to develop a talent identification model for sprinters based on anthropometric components, physical qualities, and biomotor abilities in children aged 10–12 years. A research and development model was employed. The sample consisted of 172 children aged 10–12 years, including 89 boys and 83 girls, all of whom were healthy. The development of a sprinter talent identification model using anthropometry, physical qualities, and biomotor abilities in children aged 10–12 years begins with identifying the problem, designing a model or product, and evaluating the model's feasibility before producing the final product in the form of software. The study's findings indicated that the talent identification model for boys sprinters is represented by the equation: D = -9.909 + (1.255 × Speed) + (0.062 × Flexibility) – (0.122 × Jump Height) + (6.011 × Auditory Reaction Time). For girls, the talent identification model is represented by the equation: D = 9.334 – (0.048 × Height) + (0.140 × Leg Length) + (4.759 × Anaerobic) – (2.111 × Speed) + (0.090 × Flexibility). It was concluded that in the model for developing sprinter talent identification in boys aged 10–12 years, four variables were selected: speed, flexibility, jump height, and auditory reaction time. For girls aged 10–12 years, five variables were selected: height, leg length, anaerobic capacity, speed, and flexibility. There are differences in the variables contributing to the development of a biological talent identification model for young sprinters.
The effect of four weeks of plyometric single-leg hurdle hops with backward run on shooting speed in student futsal players
In the sport of futsal, enhancing shooting speed is crucial for performance, yet there is a lack of targeted training methods that effectively improve this skill among student players. This study aimed to analyze the effect of plyometric single-leg hurdle hops combined with backward run training on shooting speed in student futsal players. A quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was employed. The population consisted of 25 student futsal players, and the sample included 15 players with a mean age of 14.67 ± 0.49 years, height of 160.73 ± 4.46 cm, weight of 50.20 ± 5.93 kg, and BMI of 19.42 ± 2.02, selected using purposive sampling. Shooting speed was measured using a camera, and the recordings were analyzed with the Kinovea application. The results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in shooting speed following the training program. The mean shooting speed improved from 28.3±2.02 m/s in the pretest to 30.4±2.20 m/s in the posttest, with a mean difference of 2.04±1.98 m/s and a 2-tailed significance value of 0.001 (< 0.05). In conclusion, plyometric single-leg hurdle hops combined with backward run training significantly improved shooting speed in student futsal players.
Dynamic balance test modifications in Karate Kata: Content validity
The aim of this study was to test the content validity of the modified Karate Kata dynamic balance test. This research employed a mixed-methods approach. The first stage involved analyzing journal documents, while the second stage focused on validating the dynamic balance test construction through expert judgment, using the Delphi technique with 10 experts. In the final stage, a qualitative analysis was carried out consisting of suggestions from expert judgment. The instrument consists of a questionnaire with a 1–4 rating scale. Data were analyzed using Aiken's V. In the first stage, the results showed differences among the tests used to measure athletes’ dynamic balance abilities. Based on these findings, the dynamic balance test was modified. In the second stage, the analysis of the first test item revealed a coefficient value of 0.825 (high). The second item, which assessed conformity with the characteristics of Karate Kata movements, had a coefficient value of 0.792 (moderate). The third item, evaluating the dynamic balance test procedure, had a coefficient value of 0.819 (high). The Karate Kata dynamic balance test demonstrated high content validity (coefficient = 0.812), with all experts agreeing on the modifications. The test is now more specific and better aligned with Karate Kata movement characteristics.
Effects of aerobic exercises on physical fitness of primary school children
The effects of aerobic exercises on physical fitness in school children have not yet been examined in the context of Vietnam. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic exercises on physical fitness of primary school children. This study was a controlled trial involving 64 third-grade primary school children, all aged 8 years, from Vinh City, Vietnam. Participants voluntarily took part and were randomly assigned to either the aerobic exercise group (AG) or the control group (CG), with 32 children in each group (16 males and 16 females per group). Five physical fitness tests were conducted: handgrip strength (upper-body strength), 30-second sit-ups (abdominal endurance), standing long jump (leg power), 30-meter sprint (speed), and 4×10 m shuttle run (agility). After eight weeks of intervention, the aerobic exercise group (AG) showed significantly greater improvements than the control group (CG) in upper- and lower-extremity strength, abdominal strength, speed, body control, and endurance (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that aerobic exercise effectively enhances muscular strength, speed, agility, and overall endurance in primary school children.
The effect of smartphone use in different body positions on upper limb kinematic variables
This study aimed to identify the values of certain kinematic variables during smartphone use in different body positions and to examine the differences in these values across positions. An analytical descriptive method was employed on a sample of 20 sports activity students from Tafila Technical University (age 20 ± 0.6 years; height 175 ± 2 cm; mass 70 ± 2kg). The study sample was videotaped using a Panasonic video camera at 50 frames per second in three different positions: sitting, standing, and walking. The video data were analyzed using the Kinovea program (version 0.8.27 x64). The results showed a large head flexion angle and a notable distance between the smartphone and the head. Furthermore, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the distance between the smartphone and the head and in the elbow angle, particularly favoring the sitting position. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were found for the head flexion angle and other study variables (p > 0.05), except for the elbow angle in the sitting position (p < 0.05). Smartphone use has been associated with negative effects that increase the load on the neck muscles and upper limbs, potentially leading to neck and shoulder pain as well as increased spinal curvature.
Consumers’ behavioral interests and sports services: Examining customer loyalty in Indonesian fitness centers
The development of the fitness industry in the world is increasing and has become an important issue in several countries, including Indonesia. Currently, the number of fitness participants in Indonesia has increased. An increase in fitness participants must be accompanied by an improvement in service quality, as poor service could risk a decrease in participants. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived quality, the perceived value of customers' satisfaction, and future intentions in Kediri town. The sample consisted of 59 customers in 18 fitness industry centers. The data collection used a questionnaire technique, and the data analysis was based on the confirmatory factors and structural equation models. The research findings showed that the perceived satisfaction of clients greatly influences the value of loyalty and the location greatly influences the customers' future intentions. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and location factors with loyalty and future intentions. Perceived future loyalty and intentions influence customer satisfaction and the perceived importance of location in the fitness center. Consequently, perceived value positively affects both consumer loyalty and their future intentions.
The impact of anthropometric characteristics and playing experience on the success of African women’s volleyball teams
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of anthropometric characteristics and playing experience on the success of African women's volleyball teams. The researcher purposively included all 12 teams that participated in the 2019 World Women's Volleyball Championship. Among these, two national women's volleyball teams were from Africa (Cameroon and Kenya), while the other ten teams were from different continents. Each team consisted of 14 players, with an average age of 25.95±4.296) years. Anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, BMI, spike height, and block height of players, as well as their playing experience (calculated as the total number of World Championships, Olympic Games, and other international competitions), and the teams’ success rank data were collected via electronic sources from the official FIVB website for comparison purposes. The results showed that the two African women's volleyball teams (Cameroon and Kenya) had players with below-average values in height, spike height, and block height compared to other world teams. A significant difference was also observed in BMI results compared to other world volleyball team players (p < 0.05). They also showed an extremely lower average value in playing experience than other world team players. Similarly, they ranked last among all teams, and their success was influenced by their anthropometric characteristics and game experience. Therefore, for the success of African women's volleyball teams, the anthropometric characteristics and playing experience of players should be considered among the selection criteria.
Identification model of 12 year-old boys’ badminton talents
Talent identification of in badminton was needed as a prediction of the future performance of young players who will achieve success at the national or international level in badminton. The aim of the study was to establish a model for identifying badminton talent in 12-year-old boys. An observational design was used. The sample included 29 boys aged 12 years with no prior badminton experience and 29 boys who were members of a badminton club. All participants completed eight anthropometric tests and 16 physical fitness tests. The differences results between two groups were used as criteria for 12-year-old boys’ badminton talent. To determine the best talent predictor, a stepwise discriminant analysis was performed. Based on stepwise discriminant analysis, 11 measurements (four anthropometric and seven physical fitness) were identified that maximally discriminate between talented and non-talented badminton players. Using Fisher’s linear discriminant functions based on these 11 measures, 98.3% of participants were correctly classified, indicating high validity. The distinguishing characteristics between talented and non-talented players included BMI, total skinfold thickness, arm circumference, arm length, upper limb muscle power, speed, side-to-side agility, 4-corner agility, VO₂max, wrist flexibility, and eye–hand coordination. Among these, four anthropometric tests and six physical fitness tests were particularly effective in differentiating between talented and non-talented players.
Diagnosis of the release phase in the discus throw relative to elite throwers’ height
The aim of this study was to quantify the correlation between the thrower’s height and the release height ratio. Furthermore, an estimated equation was provided for predicting the optimal release height of the discus based on the thrower’s height. To achieve these goals, a descriptive approach was applied to a sample of 30 top discus throwers who achieved a horizontal displacement of more than 61 m. The results showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the thrower’s height and the release height ratio. In addition, an estimated equation was developed for predicting the optimal release height of the discus relative to the thrower’s height: release height (m) = -46.121 × thrower height (m) + 175.66. These findings suggest that thrower height plays a meaningful role in determining the optimal release height, providing practical guidance for coaches and athletes to improve discus throw performance.
The effects of technology on health and physical activity: A qualitative study
The aim of this study was to explore how technological devices influence individuals’ physical activity and overall health, identifying both the positive and negative effects of technology use on well-being. A qualitative design employing semi-structured interviews was used with a convenience sample of 100 participants aged 18–52 years (M ± SD = 26.3 ± 8.5). The sample consisted of 51% females and 49% males. The interviews explored participants’ experiences and perceptions of how technological devices influence physical activity and overall well-being. Data were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed to identify both positive and negative effects. The findings indicated that excessive use of smartphones, computers, and gaming devices contributed to sedentary lifestyles, musculoskeletal discomfort, psychological fatigue, and reduced social interaction. However, participants also reported that technology can support physical activity through fitness apps, wearable devices, and online exercise platforms. Suggested strategies to mitigate adverse effects included regulating screen time, correcting posture, practising mindful technology use, and incorporating breaks for physical movement. Technology has a dual influence on health and physical activity, acting both as a barrier and a facilitator. Striking a balance between use and overuse is essential to ensure positive outcomes. Public health initiatives and educational programs should emphasize responsible technology engagement and encourage strategies that promote active lifestyles.
Assessment of basic volleyball skills among sports education students: Gender differences
This study aimed to evaluate the fundamental technical abilities in volleyball among Sports Education students. The study employed a survey design, using test instruments developed by the researchers to assess basic volleyball technique skills. A total of 114 students from the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia, enrolled in the first and third semesters of the Sports Education program, participated in the study, including 64 males (mean age 20.58 ± 1.10 years) and 50 females (mean age 20.80 ± 1.23 years). Both male and female participants were in a productive age range (~20.7 years), had normal BMI (~22.48 kg/m²), and showed good resting heart rates (~65.75 bpm), indicating good physical health and fitness suitable for volleyball. The descriptive statistics for basic volleyball skills among the students indicated that the overall performance levels were moderate to high across all measured skills (top passing, bottom passing, service, smash, block). Differences in all basic volleyball skills between male and female students were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the students demonstrated moderate to high proficiency in basic volleyball skills, with males performing better than females across all skills.
Ghanaian women in sports: Barriers and strategies for improving participation in sports leadership positions in Ghana
The study explored the barriers that hinder women's participation in sports leadership in Ghana and the effective strategies to overcome the obstacles. Interpretivist research paradigm was adopted. Sample frame was made of women leaders in Ghanaian sports organizations. Data was collected using interview guides, and analyzed with the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The study revealed that institutional barriers and individual mindsets of women in sports were among the most significant factors limiting women’s leadership involvement. Promoting women’s education and fostering a broader shift in organizational culture can lead to increased female representation in professional sports organizations. In conclusion, further quantitative and qualitative research is needed to understand why women’s participation in sports leadership is not adequately reflected in current legislation or outdated sports policies.
Exploring the link between physical activity and quality of life among university students
This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QoL) among university students, considering several factors: gender, specialization, academic level, and place of residence. This was a cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study. The study sample consisted of 302 university students from Dar Al-Uloom University in Saudi Arabia. Of these participants, 170 were males (56.58%) and 132 were females (43.42%). QoL was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF, and PA levels were measured with the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The study showed that university students were generally physically active throughout the week, and their overall QoL was ranked ‘high’, especially in areas such as life meaning, personal needs, and mood. QoL was higher among females and first-year students (p ≤ 0.05), while no differences were found based on college or residence (p > 0.05). PA was positively associated with QoL, with all correlations being statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) and ranging from r = 0.549 to r = 0.767, indicating that higher levels of PA are strongly associated with higher perceived QoL. In conclusion, PA is an essential aspect of maintaining good health and well-being, and it is positively associated with QoL.
Youth physical activity profile: A gender perspective
This study aimed to assess gender differences and correlates of physical activity (PA) among children in East Java, Indonesia. An observational population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of children (n = 900, mean age 13.27±0.97) in East Java. The instrument used in this study was the Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire, which measured the level of physical activity with high reliability (Kappa = 0.67–0.73) and moderate validity (r = 0.48). Boys reported higher engagement than girls in sport activities, school activities, and other activities, all differences being statistically significant (p = 0.000). Leisure time activities were slightly higher in boys, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.083). Overall CPAQ scores were also higher in boys (2.51 vs. 2.33, p = 0.000), indicating that boys generally had higher levels of physical activity than girls. In conclusion, girls are less likely than boys to engage in PA. Therefore, there is a need to consider the provision of a comprehensive multifaceted health behavior modification and interventions, such as targeted and regular physical education in schools.
#Yoentrenoencasa, an initiative to keep moving: Analysis of content published on Instagram
The use of social media has been consolidated in the field of physical activity and sports. The arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic promoted these tools as an online resource for exercise. During confinement, institutions and content creators promoted initiatives through these platforms to continue moving from home, such as the creation of the hashtag #Yoentrenoencasa. This study aimed to discover the main characteristics of this community through a content analysis of 600 posts shared on Instagram during confinement. The results showed that content related to physical activity with the intention of inspiring the audience predominated, in which women mainly appeared. The weight of publications focused on promoting online training services and creating physical exercise routines could also be seen. In this content, certain sexist differences were uncovered, since women were represented in a more passive manner than men, who were portrayed in competitive or professional situations.
An analysis of the practice, knowledge, and perception of Valencian Pelota in Valencian society
In the Comunitat Valenciana an autochthonous modality called "Valencian Pelota" is played, which nowadays tries to compete in terms of players and audience with the major global sports. This study aimed to find out the current situation of this sport in terms of practice, knowledge and perception by Valencian society. The methodology consisted of a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. A total of 1,468 surveys were carried out across three study universes. In addition, 4 focus groups and 33 in-depth interviews with representatives of interest groups served to contrast the data obtained and to discuss, in a dialogical process, the situation and challenges of this sport. The most important findings of this study showed that " Valencian Pelota" maintains an acceptable level of practice within its own territory: 14.6% of Valencians have played it at least once, with 28.8% of those under 35 standing out, clearly reflecting the impact of the educational program "Pilota a l'escola." Awareness is also relatively positive, with 21.6% of the general population having a medium level of knowledge and 7.1% having a high or very high level of knowledge. These figures, compared with other studies on the level of practice and sports participation, show that pelota in the Valencian Community is positioned somewhere between minority sports and mainstream sports.
Academic burnout and emotional exhaustion among university students: The role of physical exercise
This study aimed at establishing a predictive model of emotional exhaustion based on the levels of burnout experienced by university students. A crucial factor with regard to this will be whether or not regular physical activity may contribute to lower those levels -and so contribute to their wellbeing. A total of 789 university students (Primary Education: 32.4%; Nursing: 67.6%) of both sexes (79.5% female), aged 20-51 years (M = 24.33; SD = 6.101) participated. An ex post facto retrospective single-group design was planned. The instruments used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (2005). Males scored higher on academic burnout while females scored higher on emotional exhaustion (p < 0.05). With regard to the degrees that these students were enrolled in, nursing students attained a higher rank in both scales (p < 0.05). In addition, the fact of practising physical activity and/or sport was a protective variable in the relationship between academic burnout and emotional exhaustion. These findings suggest the need to consider physical activity and/or sport as a tool for the prevention of emotional exhaustion and academic burnout.
Analysis of user satisfaction and the importance of services provided by privately owned gyms
The aims of this study were to determine the importance of priority factors of the services provided by gyms, to examine the relationship of each factor with overall satisfaction and dissatisfaction by applying the IPA model; as well as to determine satisfaction with the service according to sex, age, and gymnasium. A total of 219 users participated, 51.1% of whom were men and 48.9% women, with a mean age of 25.10 ± 7.32 years. The CECASDEP (Questionnaire of Evaluation of the Quality Perceived in Sports Services) was used to measure service quality, structured into five factors: sports facilities (10 items), sports spaces (10 items), changing rooms-sanitary facilities (12 items), program of activities (9 items) and trainer/instructor (8 items). The analysis revealed that the main aspects to be improved in the gyms evaluated were sports facilities and changing rooms-sanitary facilities. Significant differences were recorded according to sex, age and type of gymnasium (p < 0.05). Finally, the IPA model indicated that, from the user's point of view, there is room for improvement and that efforts and resources should be focused on improving sports facilities and changing rooms-sanitary facilities, since these are the areas of greatest importance to users.
eSports under discussion: A new sports discipline?
Video games have been growing in terms of social implantation as technology advance and generations have become more digital. Competitive modalities are named ‘eSports’. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 further accelerated the growth of these practices. Therefore, there are those who propose that these events should be configured as a new sports discipline, however there are other voices against it. This study aimed to explore the current situation and reconsider the concept of eSports from a legal perspective in Spain and other countries. The study primarily employed a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach, focusing on a review of scientific literature and an analysis of legislative documents. The study showed that the term "eSports" is largely a strategic label and not an actual representation of a sport, and the authors propose "eGames" or competitive electronic games as a more appropriate nomenclature. Governing frameworks treating these activities as sports are essentially non-existent and, where they exist, are on the basis of political, social, or economic considerations. Furthermore, eGames should be considered part of the leisure and entertainment sector, with specific legal provisions ensuring safe and sustainable development.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, screen time, and parents’ educational level as predictors of academic performance among adolescents in Majorca
Knowing which variables can predict the Academic Performance (AP) is of great interest to improve learning outcomes. The aim of the study was to determine whether parents’ academic education, as well as weekly hours of Physical Activity (PA), Maximum Volume of Oxygen (VO2max), and Screen Time (ST), can predict the AP of adolescents. The study included 2399 young people aged 10 to 16 years from Mallorca (1224 girls, 51%, and 1175 boys, 49%). In coordination with various schools, a questionnaire on sports habits was administered to the participants. The Course Navette test was administered to estimate the VO2 max., besides the students’ AP was provided by the school. The results showed that being younger (β = - 0.170; p = 0.001), being a girl (β = -0.354; p = 0.001), having better Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CF) (β = 0.046; p < 0.001), having parents with a higher academic education (β = 0.673; p < 0.001), and spending less ST on weekdays (β = - 0.039; p = 0.001), predict a better AP in adolescents. Future studies investigating a predictive link between different healthy lifestyle behaviors, various socio-personal variables, and their relationship with AP, are important for strengthening the findings of this and similar studies.
Violence in sports: A look at mental endurance, problem-solving, and violent tendencies in young active athletes
This study aimed to examine the relationship between mental endurance, problem-solving skills, and attitudes toward violence in sports among young active athletes. The study population consisted of individuals aged 15–35 residing in Ankara Province, and the sample included 101 volunteer athletes training in various sports branches at the Youth and Sports Club in the Etimesgut district. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Mental Endurance Inventory, the Independent–Reciprocal Problem-Solving Scale, and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (v. 22.0), while the qualitative data were evaluated through thematic analysis. The findings indicated that the athletes generally demonstrated above-average levels of mental endurance and problem-solving skills, while their tendencies toward violence were relatively low. Moreover, athletes who scored higher in the sub-dimensions of emotional control and stress management were better able to regulate negative emotions such as anger during competition and were less prone to aggressive behavior. Our findings highlight the crucial role of psychological resilience and social support in preventing violence in sports. Therefore, investing in the mental and social development of young athletes—by all stakeholders, including coaches, sports psychologists, families, and sports administrators—appears to be one of the most effective strategies to combat violence in the sporting arena.
Validity and reliability of three standardized agility tests for Indonesian soccer players
The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of three standardized agility tests. A total of 36 male soccer players from the Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Indonesia, participated (age 19.31 ± 1.22 years; height 168.62 ± 5.13 cm; weight 60.87 ± 8.97 kg; playing experience 8.91 ± 4.67 years). The subjects were given the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), Agility T-Test (ATT) and Boomerang Agility Test (BAT) at different times twice a week to compare their agility levels. The test results showed that the three agility tests had very high and high validity (r1 = 0.951, r2 = 0.748 and r3 = 0.889), and there was a significant difference in the retest results (p < 0.05). There was a very high correlation/reliability between the first test and the second retest (r1 = 0.943, r2 = 0.809 and r3 = 0.939) for all types of agility tests. High correlations were found between IAT and ATT (r = 0.633), IAT and BAT (r = 0.725), and ATT and BAT (r = 0.698). The study also showed significant differences in agility among player positions—forward, midfielder, winger, center back, and goalkeeper (p < 0.05). The three agility tests were concluded to be valid, reliable, and effective for evaluating the agility and physical abilities of male soccer players in Indonesia.
Relationship between volunteer motivation and the achievement of the volunteer concept at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games during the COVID-19 pandemic
Despite volunteers being essential to the success of the Olympic Games, research on Olympic volunteers’ motivations remains limited. The aim of this study was to investigate this phenomenon with volunteers at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of a questionnaire survey of 546 volunteers identified three dimensional motivations (i.e., relationship with others, love of the Olympics and sports, and esteem needs) that drove them to become Olympic volunteers. These findings clearly differ from Western society, as illuminated by the previous studies which revealed that resume material and networking were key factors in volunteerism at Olympic Games held in Sydney in 2000 Athens in 2004, Vancouver in 2010, and London in 2012. It became clear that the greatest influence on the achievement of the Tokyo 2020 volunteer concept of ‘I will shine’ were love of Olympics and sports, and esteem needs. The volunteers’ endorsement of holding the Olympic Games during the COVID-19 pandemic was supported by relationship with others and affection of the Olympics and sports. The findings and recommendations have ramifications for the future organizing committees of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in terms of volunteer participants by considering cultural background.
Effects of high-intensity interval training on hemoglobin levels and oxygen saturation in healthy males
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with high-intensity continuous training (HICT) on increasing hemoglobin levels and oxygen saturation in healthy men. This study used a quasi-experiment with a pre-test-post-test group design. A total of 40 healthy male adolescents, aged 19-22 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 20-24 kg/m2 and normal blood pressure, were recruited from university students and given HIIT and HICT intervention programs for 30 minutes. Hemoglobin levels were measured using Mission® Hemoglobin Test Strips, while oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and heart rate (HR) were measured using an Oxyone Pulse Oximeter. The mean pre-HIIT and HICT hemoglobin levels were 16.86 ± 1.39 vs 16.34 ± 1.28 g/dL (p = 0.221), and post-intervention were 18.36 ± 0.96 vs 15.41 ± 1.55 g/dL (p = 0.000). SpO₂ pre-values between HIIT and HICT were 96.75 ± 1.37 vs 96.45 ± 1.36 % (p = 0.491), and post-values were 97.85 ± 1.23 vs 96.15 ± 1.35 % (p = 0.000). HR pre-values between HIIT and HICT were 71.40 ± 7.03 vs 71.20 ± 7.98 bpm (p = 0.933), and post-values were 81.25 ± 11.79 vs 97.05 ± 5.54 bpm (p = 0.000). The study concluded that HIIT was effective in increasing hemoglobin and SpO2 levels as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness compared to HICT. Furthermore, HIIT was also found to be more effective at speeding up HR recovery.
Effects of virtual reality on gait and balance in patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Parkinson's disease causes a high level of motor and functional disability. New virtual reality techniques can improve the symptoms of these patients. This study aimed to know the effects of virtual reality on gait and balance in patients with Parkinson's, as well as to describe the virtual reality techniques and the tools used to measure these variables in this pathology. A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA regulations. The databases used were PubMed/Medline, LILACS and IBECS, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Sport Discus, Psycinfo and Web of Science. The last search was carried out in May 2023. A total of 8 studies are part of this review and demonstrate that patients with Parkinson's can improve balance and gait using different virtual reality modalities such as the Wii Fit and Xbox 360 video game consoles. The most used tools to measure balance were Sensory Organization Test and Berg Balance Scale, and those to measure gait were Timed Up and Go and Dynamic Gait Index. Virtual reality as a therapy improves gait and balance in patients with Parkinson's and no adverse effects are shown after its use.
Debate-of-ideas setting and configurations of play among beginner female students
The current study aimed to investigate the concept of game model and the notion of prototypical configuration, which are designed and used to conduct qualitative analysis of game-play in team sports. To carry out this study, a qualitative methodology was used, and a sample of 20 female students (aged 19± 0.3 years) was taken from the Physical Education program at Sohar University. Data were collected through video recordings. The main result showed a noteworthy progression at the level of the tactics of the game which is translated by the elaboration of the new configuration of play in the game. This evolutionary process of configurations emphasizes a progressive understanding of the game based on critical thinking. These configurations are momentary and over the course of the game, they are linked to each other. Nevertheless, to decode them, reference points are needed, operative images which, after identification, allow for a quicker response adapted to the perceived situation. A proper analysis of player thinking behind the different forms of play, moves and configurations of play requires that one assumes the development of a tactical intelligence of game play.
Sport Human Connection as a marketing management application for sports service providers
The management of the Indonesian sports industry provides no room for sport service providers to publicize their services. Consequently, Indonesian society is left with limited options in sport services, such as coaches, sport schools, masseurs, physiotherapists, and so forth. This research and development established a Sport Human Connection (SHC), an online smartphone software that facilitates the marketing and publication of sports services. The smartphone developed software is used extensively to promote services for sport. However, the online software required some adjustment so that the management of sport services can be better facilitated. In this study, a product was developed as a solution to the existing problems. The developed product was tried out on 60 sports actors (SA). The data were gathered using a questionnaire with open-ended and close-ended questions about the developed product. The SHC system carries various benefits for sports services, including service publication and promotion, along with the exhibition of the profession's legality and achievement. Besides, the system also facilitates communication between the service provider and society, along with the communication among sport service providers. The study suggest that the SHC has facilitated the sport service providers by helping them promote their services. Further, the SHC system should be promoted to sports service providers and to society.
The effects of special fabric-based exercises on physical fitness among the elderly in Na O Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Muang District, Loei Province
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a fabric-based exercise program on the physical fitness of the elderly individuals in the Na O Subdistrict Administrative Organization area. A total of 45 participants, aged 60-79 years, were assessed for physical fitness indicators, including body weight, body mass index (BMI), muscle strength, flexibility, and endurance of the cardiovascular and circulatory systems. The participants were selected by using purposive sampling technique and engaged in a fabric-based exercise program 3 days per week for 12 weeks. The results showed that before joining the program and 12 weeks after participating in the program, there was no difference in average mean of body weight, BMI, endurance, flexibility, and the 2-minute standing knee up and down test (p > 0.05). However, the muscle strength statistically significant increased (p < 0.05). An exercise program using fabric is a beneficial activity for increasing muscle strength in older adults, as the fabric is harmless in terms of weight on the joints, and it can be positioned in easy movements. Additionally, fabric is commonly available in daily life and can be used to promote health when correct training postures are applied according to natural movement patterns.
Impact of exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation on respiratory function and quality of life in pediatric patients with chronic lung diseases: A multidisciplinary approach in Damietta Governorate
Chronic lung diseases (CLDs) in children, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, significantly impact respiratory function and overall quality of life. Exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has emerged as a multidisciplinary approach to improving lung function, exercise capacity, and reducing hospitalization rates. This study assessed the effectiveness of a structured PR program in pediatric patients with CLDs in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 400 pediatric patients with CLDs (aged 6–16 years) divided equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention group underwent a 12-week exercise-based PR program incorporating respiratory training, airway clearance techniques, and physical therapy, while children in the control group received standard medical care consisting of routine follow-ups, medication management, and lifestyle counseling without structured rehabilitation exercises. Post-intervention results demonstrated significant improvements in forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow, six-minute walk test (6MWT), and quality of life scores (p < 0.001). Additionally, hospitalization frequency and medication dependency were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). The findings reveal that exercise-based PR significantly improves pulmonary function, exercise tolerance, and overall quality of life in children with chronic lung diseases. Additionally, PR effectively reduces hospitalization rates and medication dependency, offering a sustainable approach to disease management.
The impact of free sports activities on trait anxiety among Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons
This study aimed to examine the effect of practicing free sports activities on trait anxiety among Palestinian prisoners in Israeli occupation prisons. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, using a sample of 493 Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli prisons (Eshel, Balboua, Ramon, Ofer, and Fqma) during 2022–2023. The authors developed a 32-item questionnaire to measure the impact of practicing free sports activities on trait anxiety. Based on the findings, the overall impact of practicing free sports activities on trait anxiety among Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons is high, with a response rate of 78.5%. Statistically significant differences were observed in the effect of sports activities on anxiety levels between married and single prisoners, with married prisoners benefiting more (p < 0.05). Additionally, based on the location of imprisonment, differences were noted in favor of Eshel prison regarding the impact of free sports activities on trait anxiety, Younger prisoners, particularly those under 25 years old, experienced greater reductions in trait anxiety, as did prisoners serving sentences of less than five years (p < 0.05). It is crucial that prisoners be encouraged to practice free sports activities due to their demonstrated positive effect on reducing trait anxiety. Regular sports activity programs should be implemented across all imprisonment centers as part of rehabilitation efforts to help reduce trait anxiety among Palestinian prisoners.
Installation of automated external defibrillators in sports centers with aquatic facilities in the Region of Murcia: A sports management perspective
Cardiovascular disease is a major health risk and remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While physical activity offers numerous health benefits, it can also trigger underlying cardiovascular conditions. In a life-threatening emergency, rapid action is key to patient survival, especially in the case of myocardial infarction or sudden death. The use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) means the difference between life and death. Sports centers with aquatic facilities are those with the largest surface area and average daily attendance, and therefore those with the greatest risk for users. This study analyzed 39 sports centers with aquatic facilities in the Region of Murcia, recording the number, brand and model of each AED installed. It was found that all the sports centers studied had installed at least one AED, the predominant model being the Philips HS1 (49.3%). A total of 41% of the centers studied reported a life-threatening emergency in the last five years, with 19% of deaths. Therefore, within the sports management strategy, managers should implement adequate conditions of accessibility, proper location and maintenance of the AED, as well as staff training, as part of a comprehensive cardioprotection plan.
Impact of COVID-19 on athletes' mental health: A systematic review
A systematic review was conducted, focusing specifically on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on professional athletes, particularly in relation to the three most common syndromes in the general population: stress, depression, and anxiety. After the systematic search, 15 articles conducted during the pandemic period were selected. These studies included both individual and collective sports; men and women from 10 different countries from Europe and Asia. Women had higher rates of stress, anxiety, and depression than men and veteran athletes presented fewer symptoms than novices athletes, probably related with a better use of coping strategies. For this reason, possible solutions and recommendations were offered to consider as conclusions, such as creating wellness protocols or working on coping strategies. Paying attention to the future aspects of this study allows us to consider the impact that COVID-19 may have had on athletes’ subsequent performance, as well as the need to adapt, address, and improve the limitations identified during this period.
Spelling in motion: The impact of active breaks on spelling skills and physical activity in primary education
Modern society and the development of ICT, in addition to countless benefits, are increasingly associated with weaknesses such as physical inactivity or deficiencies in the use of spelling. The aim of this study was to analyze the implementation of a program that, through active breaks, seeks to reduce inactivity and improving competencies related to Spanish spelling. The participants were 42 fifth-grade Primary Education students (25 girls and 17 boys, 10-11 years old). The methodology used was a mixed-method approach. For the quantitative part, a quasi-experimental design with repeated measures (pre-post) was used for the experimental group (21 participants, 11 girls and 10 boys) and the control group (21 participants, 9 girls and 12 boys); the qualitative study was conducted based on focus groups. Both groups had similar characteristics in terms of sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The results showed the benefits of applying active breaks for improving the applied knowledge of spelling rules, as well as the students' perception of an increase in the amount of physical activity. Additionally, the perception of increased motivation, the usefulness of learning, and the fun experienced by the participants also stand out.
The impact of football initiatives on the formation of a culture of health among the younger generation
The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of football-based sports projects in fostering a healthy lifestyle among children. An experimental sports project was tested to evaluate its influence on the formation of health-oriented behaviors. The study involved 111 boys aged 9–10 from general secondary schools in Kyiv, divided into an experimental group (n=59) and a control group (n=52). Participants were selected with parental consent. The experimental group followed a healthy lifestyle program; the control group did not. Questionnaires were used as the primary method for monitoring the experimental impact. The results of the formative experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of implementing football programs in shaping a healthy lifestyle in children. Positive dynamics were particularly evident in the emotional-motivational and activity-related components, while changes in the cognitive component were less pronounced. Overall, there was a significant increase in the number of children showing medium to high levels of healthy lifestyle indicators (p<0.05). The findings provided a basis for optimizing the school educational process through the integration of health-preserving technologies.
Android-based GymAp application to improve handstand skills in gymnastics learning among high school students
This study aimed to develop a valid, practical, and effective gymnastics instruction media to improve students' handstand skills in gymnastics education. The development process followed the Plomp model. The study involved 60 students from the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia. Data were collected through tests, interviews, questionnaires, and observations and assessed quantitatively through the use of a t-test. The findings indicated that the Android-based gymnastics educational media demonstrated very high validity across material, media, and language assessments, as well as in handstand skill evaluation tools. The media was also rated as very practical and very effective. The average initial handstand skill scores across three schools were 83.65, 84.65, and 73.45, with average improvement scores of 0.61, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. These results indicate that the android-based gymnastics learning media is valid, practical, and effective in enhancing students’ handstand skills. It is anticipated that this media will serve as an alternative resource for improving the quality of gymnastics education and other related academic disciplines.
Effect of combined high-intensity interval training and inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function and exercise capacity in COPD patients
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined high intensity interval training (HIIT) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on pulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients COPD. This randomized, controlled trial study involved 100 COPD patients (GOLD stages II and III) aged between 40 and 70 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The study group (n=50) underwent 8 weeks combined HIIT and IMT. The HIIT protocol involved four intervals, each lasting 4 minutes, beginning at 70% of maximum power and building to a target intensity of at least 85% HRmax. The IMT sessions included 2-3 sets of 30 breaths (totaling 60-90 breaths per session), with a two-minute rest between sets, three days per week starting with 30% of PImax and reaching 60% of PImax. The control group (n=50) performed an 8-week program of therapeutic education and 30-min self-based cycling or walking. Pulmonary function tests, incremental cycle ergometer tests, 6 min walk tests and inspiratory muscle strength were performed, and dyspnea and Halth-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) were assessed before and after the intervention period. Results indicated that combined HIIT and IMT significantly improved exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, dyspnea, and quality of life in patients with COPD (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in pulmonary functions (p>0.05). This study suggests that integrating HIIT with IMT can effectively enhance the overall prognosis of patients with COPD.
Whey protein: How does it affect the increase in muscle mass of untrained athletes post weight training?
Weight training is a type of exercise that can provide many benefits for the body. Apart from exercise programs, the nutritional intake consumed also influences the success of building muscle through weight training. Protein is the main element that influences muscle growth and development after doing weight training. This experimental study used a pretest-posttest control group design to examine the effect of whey protein on muscle hypertrophy. It involved 60 male student athletes from Padang, Indonesia, aged 18-25 with a BMI of 25-29, physically healthy, and willing to follow research guidelines. The experimental group (n = 30) was given whey protein 30 minutes after weight training as much as ± 45 grams while the control group (n = 30) was only given mineral water after weight training. Muscle hypertrophy was measured using a measuring tape and skinfold calipers. Muscle circumference was calculated using the formula: MTC − (3.14 × TSF), where MTC is the muscle circumference and TSF is the triceps skinfold thickness. The results indicated that the group consuming whey protein experienced a significantly greater increase in muscle circumference compared to the control group (p<0.05). Based on research findings, planned and structured weight training combined with whey protein supplementation can maximize muscle hypertrophy compared to training without whey protein.
Design, implementation and evaluation of a mobile application to assess Goubak® game performance
The use of mobile applications (apps) has spread in the practice of sports and has been transferred to the educational field, where the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is becoming more and more common. In this sense, it is the teacher’s responsibility to ensure the responsible use of ICT, which promotes learning. For this reason, this article presents a proposal for the teaching-learning of an alternative sport, Goubak®, through the use of an intuitive app in Physical Education. The proposal was implemented with 6th grade students in Primary School (10-12 years) in a public school in the Community of Madrid. The design of the app followed three phases (1) development of the app; (2) implementation of the thematic unit on Goubak® using the app in the classroom; (3) data collection. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) instrument was used to collect information, presenting a favorable Cronbach's alpha (0.833), with a similar perception according to the sex. In addition, student and teacher perceptions were positive for the use of the Goubak® initiation app.
Evaluation of the pencak silat coaching program in East Java: A study using the CIPP model
This study evaluated the development of pencak silat coaching in East Java using Stufflebeam’s Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) evaluation model. The participants were 55 members of the East Java Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI), consisting of 11 coaches, 7 staff members, and 37 athletes. A mixed-method evaluative approach was employed, with data collected through questionnaires, observations, interviews, and document analysis. The results indicated that, overall, the implementation of the coaching program falls into the “good” category, with the following scores: (1) Context obtained an average score of 3.34, showing strong alignment between the program and government goals and policies; (2) Input received an average score of 2.84, categorized as “sufficient,” highlighting areas for improvement such as funding and infrastructure; (3) Process scored 3.16, rated as “good,” reflecting that the program was generally well-planned and executed as designed; and (4) Product achieved an average score of 3.18, also rated as “good,” indicating improvements in athletes’ physical and non-physical skills, despite a decline in medal counts during the 21st National Sports Week. In summary, the CIPP model was able to pinpoint the areas requiring improvement to foster greater success in pencak silat coaching development.
Application of the laws of dynamics in physics for sports performance analysis
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between applied force, body mass, and acceleration in sports, with the goal of improving athletic performance and reducing injury risks. The research was conducted at the Thai Nguyen University of Education, involving 35 Physical Education students who participated in movement tests such as vertical jumps, long jumps, and sprints. Data were collected on force, body mass, and velocity using force plates, high-precision scales, and speed sensors. The analysis revealed that an increase in push-off force significantly enhanced acceleration and velocity, while body mass influenced the amount of force required to achieve optimal performance. For example, in high jump, an optimal push-off angle between 120–130 degrees led to higher jump heights, and in sprinting, a stable forward-leaning posture improved acceleration. The study also highlighted the importance of optimizing technique, such as adjusting foot push-off angles and body posture. The integration of modern technology like Kinovea software for motion analysis provided valuable insights into movement efficiency and technique refinement. The findings indicate that applying Newton’s laws in sports can lead to significant improvements in force generation, acceleration, and overall performance. Additionally, biomechanical analysis tools enable personalized training strategies that optimize results and minimize injury risks.
A systematic review of female badminton talent identification: Implications for development
This study aimed to systematically review female badminton talent identification methods and their implications for athlete development. The review analysed literature on talent identification criteria, including physiological, psychological, and social factors. The materials used were articles published in international journals from various databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The methodology of this study utilised a systematic review approach based on the PRISMA guidelines. This review's main findings indicate that identifying female badminton talent involves a multidimensional assessment, which includes physical measurements such as strength and agility, psychological aspects such as motivation and mental toughness, as well as social factors such as family support and access to training. However, research shows gaps in gender-sensitive approaches and limitations of research in developing countries. The practical implication of these findings is the importance of developing more specific talent identification methods for women, taking into account physiological and psychological differences relative to men. This study concludes that despite significant efforts in talent identification, more research is needed to develop more accurate and applicable tools for female badminton athletes and expand the scope of future research. earch.
Subjective well-being of Physical Education teachers during confinement in northern Mexico
The purpose of this research was to analyze the emotional state of physical education (PE) teachers in northern Mexico, from their educational supervisors and pedagogical supervisors (ATPs) perspective during confinement due to COVID-19. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach of a phenomenological focus, three district supervisors and four technical-pedagogical advisers of Physical Education participated. Data collection was through focus groups and the analysis was collaborative and deductive-inductive from the perspective of subjective well-being. The main findings indicated that the teachers' emotional state influenced their professional performance. Two emotional states were identified: a) positive, related to happiness and enjoyment, due to the peacefulness of working from the comfort and safety of home; and b) negative, associated with stress and depression due to factors such as the death of relatives, friends and colleagues, and lack of contact with students. It was concluded that teachers' emotional state depends on their resilience or lack thereof; and educational authorities must develop strategies to support teachers' emotional care.
Supervision of Physical Education teacher competence: A contextual approach to planning, objectives, instruments, and scheduling
This study explored the supervision of Physical Education (PE) teacher competence through a contextual approach using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, and Product). It also examined the implementation of supervision carried out by school principals at several junior high schools in Bima City, with a focus on planning, program objectives, the instruments used, and the schedule for conducting supervision. Through interviews with PE teachers at several junior high schools, it was found that the supervision planning was done collaboratively, program objectives were aligned with the school’s vision, supervision instruments had undergone significant development, and the supervision schedule was designed with flexibility and teachers' needs in mind. The research results showed that a systematic approach to supervision not only improves teacher competence but also enhances the quality of education at the school. The contextual approach was applied to ensure that the supervision program aligns with the field's needs and situation, thereby achieving optimal results. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of more effective supervision practices, tailored to improve PE teachers' competencies at various levels of education.
Validity test of a mobile learning-based circuit training model for football players
This study aimed to examine the validity of a mobile learning-based circuit training model for football players. A development approach consisting of three main stages: needs analysis, model development, and validation, was employed. The study included 50 students (41 males and 9 females) aged 19–23 years (M = 20 years) enrolled in a football course at the Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. Data were collected through expert evaluations and participant feedback and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The needs analysis revealed a demand for innovative training models integrating technology to address the limitations of traditional methods, such as monotony and lack of flexibility in evaluation time. The developed model was validated by three experts in sports training, educational technology, and evaluation, achieving an average validity score of 4.74, classified as very valid. Participants reported that the model was user-friendly, effective, and aligned with their training needs. The implementation of this model also demonstrated significant potential in enhancing participant engagement during training sessions. These findings confirm that the proposed model is valid and represents a promising alternative to traditional training methods. Furthermore, the model contributes to the development of technology-based sports training that is flexible and engaging, supporting coaches and players in achieving their training objectives more efficiently.
Team cohesion and its impact on individual and team performance in Ethiopian Premier League volleyball clubs
This study aimed to examine the level of team cohesion, the relationship between cohesion and performance, and the key determinants of task and social cohesion in relation to individual and team performance among Ethiopian Premier League volleyball teams. A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was employed. The participants consisted of 51 players who actively competed during the 2020/2021 season. Data were collected using the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and analyzed with SPSS version 26. The findings revealed moderately high levels of cohesion across all four dimensions. A positive relationship was found between cohesion and performance; however, only task cohesion dimensions showed a significant correlation with team performance. Specifically, Attraction to Group-Task (ATG-T) was significantly associated with individual performance (r = .327, p < .05), and Group Integration-Task (GI-T) was strongly correlated with both individual and team performance (r = .596, p < .01). Overall, task cohesion was identified as a significant predictor of player performance (p < .05), while social cohesion showed no significant relationship (p > .05). Based on these findings, it is suggested that stakeholders develop strategies and organize social activities to enhance social cohesion, particularly within women’s Premier League volleyball teams.
Orienteering without physical flags or QR codes: Analysis of the Orienteering GPS app
Orienteering is a booming sport within the physical activities in the natural environment and is included in the curriculum of Physical Education (PE). It is an excellent activity from a didactic point of view because it does not need to be competitive, it is challenging, cooperative, inclusive, accessible, and there is a possibility of success for all participants. Although orienteering is the most taught content within these activities, teachers identify barriers that make it difficult to carry it out or improve its practice. This study analyzed the GPS Orienteering app, whose main feature is that there is no need to place physical flags or QR codes. A total of 85 students of the degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, in the subject related to physical activities in the natural environment, experienced a learning progression of orienteering, including the use of this app, of which their perceptions and use were explored. In conclusion, the app is user-friendly and practical, efficiently organizing a race and generating valuable data without requiring flags or QR codes.
Study of the labor characteristics in managerial positions of sports organizations in the Community of Madrid: A gender perspective
The labor situation of women and men in the sports sector has traditionally been different, affected mainly by factors, such as motherhood or cultural aspects. The aim of this research was to explore the labor situation of women and men who hold managerial positions within sports organizations located in the Community of Madrid (Spain). For this purpose, a sample of 401 participants (200 women and 201 men) from various public and private sports organizations was surveyed. A questionnaire was applied for collecting data on their labor situation and analyzed with the Chi-square test, the Phi coefficient, or the Contingency coefficient (CC). Among the main results, a higher representation of men (55.2%) compared to women (38.5%), as well as a salary gap, was observed in management positions within sports organizations. These data are considered of interest, mainly for the personnel selection departments of the different sport entities, as well as to promote equity policies at any organizational level.
Analysis of athletes performing high-demand tests: Linking employment status with motivation, identity, and dependency
This study aimed to analyze a new aspect of sport by studying those athletes of legal age and non-professionals who decide to take the step to participate in highly demanding sports events. Through a survey based on three validated scales (MOMS, AIMS and EDS), data on motivation, identity and dependence on exercise were collected from 387 athletes (320 men and 67 women) whose age range was between 18 and 74 years. In addition to psychosocial factors, sociodemographic aspects such as educational level and employment status were analyzed, resulting in 17 studied variables whose mean values of internal consistency presented a remarkable degree of reliability. Among other results, it can be highlighted that gender significantly (p<0.05) affects the subscales of weight, recognition and social identity in favor of men, while in meaning of life and self-esteem it does so in favor of women (p<0.05) and that the variables that are most frequently associated with others are desired effects, lack of control, and reduction of other activities. The study can help sports managers plan the design of these tests based on the type of user they are targeting.
Perceptions of Physical Activity and Sport Science students on professional competences for labor practice
Universities have a paramount goal of equipping students comprehensively for their impending professional journeys. A recognized method to achieve this objective is by nurturing students' professional competences. It is therefore valuable to ascertain whether this broad group of competences is being developed in students throughout the course of their studies. This article delves into the perceptions of students enrolled in Physical Activity and Sport Science university programs regarding the salient professional competences pivotal for their future careers, along with gauging the extent of development of each competence. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative design, this study engaged 166 participants from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) that completed an online questionnaire created ad hoc. Principal findings unveil that individuals with work experience discern social skills/interpersonal relations, teamwork, and oral and written communication as the most honed competences. Conversely, competences encompassing initiative and entrepreneurial spirit, working in an international context, and information management skills exhibit relatively lower development levels. Notably, noteworthy disparities surface between those with prior professional exposure and their inexperienced counterparts. Additionally, students in their third and fourth academic years perceive a more evolved skill set compared to their peers in the initial year of study.
Integration of social values from traditional Minangkabau sports into sociology teaching to foster students’ character development
This study explored the character education values embedded in traditional children's sports games within Minangkabau ethnic culture and examined how these values can be integrated into high school Sociology teaching materials. The aim was to deepen understanding of how culture influences students' character development, thereby emphasizing the cultural role in shaping moral and social behavior. A qualitative approach was employed. Data were collected from five active high school Sociology teachers, three traditional sports experts, and two Minangkabau cultural specialists, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and document analysis. The analysis was conducted using Zhang’s semantic analysis and the interactive model by Miles and Huberman, involving data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. Findings revealed that five traditional Minangkabau games—Sipak Rago, Mancik-Mancik, Kuciang-Kuciang, Sipak Tekong, and Cak Bur—contain key character values such as honesty, justice, discipline, and care. Integration into Sociology teaching occurs in two stages: (1) identifying and formulating character values with a systematic link to norms, and (2) embedding local Minangkabau values into teaching materials, considering cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning domains. This approach underscores the importance of value-based content that actively engages students in the learning process.
Arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament injury with and without anterolateral ligament reconstruction in patients with sports injury
The current study aimed to evaluate postoperative knee stability in cases with high grade pivot shift test treated with ACL reconstruction with ALL reconstruction versus cases treated with ACL reconstruction only. This prospective comparative randomized study involved 40 patients with unilateral single ligamentous ACL injuries exhibiting advanced pivot shift test results. Patients were classified equally into two cohorts: Group I received solo ACL repair (ACLR), whereas Group II got ACL reconstruction with ALL reconstruction (ALLR). The postoperative scores from the International Knee Documentation Committee, Cincinnati, Lysholm, and Tegner were considerably elevated in the ACLR + ALLR group compared to the ACLR group (p<0.05), with notable improvements seen in both groups (p<0.05). The negative post-operative Lachman and Pivot shift tests were substantially greater in the ACLR + ALLR group than the ACLR group (p<0.05), and there was a high improvement pre- and post-operatively in the ACLR + ALLR group (p<0.05). The anterior drawer test demonstrated a substantial enhancement in both groups (P<0.05). Post-operative effusion exhibited a wide variation between groups (p<0.05), and there was a notable improvement in both groups (p<0.05). Post-operative pain was considerably reduced in the ACLR + ALLR group compared to the ACLR group (p<0.05), with notable improvement seen in both groups (p<0.05). The single leg hop test showed considerable improvement in both groups (p<0.05). Postoperative patient satisfaction exhibited a statistical variation between groups (p<0.05). Additional rotational stability is achieved through ACL + ALLR reconstruction, which enhances the likelihood of professional athletes returning to sports activities.
Moving in the right direction: Exploring the benefits of aerobic exercise in patients with recently elevated HbA1c levels
Regular exercise is recognized as having health advantages for all individuals, including enhancements in glycemic control, insulin efficacy, cardiovascular fitness, systemic inflammation, diabetes-related health concerns, and mental well-being. This study aimed to explore aerobic exercise benefits on patients with recently elevated HbA1c levels. A parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 60 participants were assigned to one of the two groups: The aerobic exercise (AE) Group and the Control group. Assessment included HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS) as well as fasting blood sugar (FBS) at baseline (at 0 weeks before the training) and after the 12 weeks (post-training). The results showed that in 12 weeks, there was a statistically substantial difference in the two groups' mean values of HbA1c, PPBS, as well as FBS (p<0.001). Current research findings indicate that a 12-week protocol of aerobic exercise may serve as an essential therapeutic approach for achieving glycemic control in patients with recently elevated HbA1c levels.
Effect of manual therapy versus kinesio taping on tension-type headache in Jouf University female students: A randomized controlled trial
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy versus Kinesio taping (KT) in treating tension-type headaches (TTH) as they are the most common complaint among university students, significantly impacting their academic performance. A randomized controlled study was conducted, including 45 female students. They were 18-25 years, divided into three groups. The first group (Manual therapy) received manual therapy and relaxation training, the second group (KT) received KT every 72 hours and relaxation exercises while the third group (Control) received relaxation exercises, all for three times/week for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for headache intensity. The secondary measure was the HIT-6 to evaluate the impact of TTH. Post-treatment, all three groups showed a significant reduction in VAS scores compared to pre-treatment (p<0.05). HIT-6 scores significantly decreased in the manual therapy and KT groups (p<0.05), whereas the control group showed no significant change (p>0.05). Additionally, the manual therapy group showed a significantly greater reduction in VAS scores compared to the KT group (p<0.05), although no discernible change was observed in HIT-6 scores (p>0.05). Both manual therapy and KT are useful for treating TTH. However, manual treatment alleviates pain intensity more effectively.
Physical culture as a key to post-injury recovery in sports: Methods and future perspectives
Sports injuries are a significant concern affecting both health and athletic performance, especially among adolescents, whose participation in organized sports continues to increase. This study explored the role of physical culture in post-injury recovery within a sports context, with a particular focus on adolescent athletes. Using content analysis and elements of grounded theory, the research examined current best practices and practical rehabilitation techniques. The findings indicated that the high incidence of sports-related injuries among adolescents is closely linked to their physiological development, as their musculoskeletal systems are still maturing. The study presented a classification of the most common injuries in this age group and highlights the growing demand for adolescent physical therapy due to rising injury rates. Based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and empirical studies, the results demonstrated that physical culture-based exercises and integrative rehabilitation programmes offer substantial benefits for recovery—particularly from concussions, spinal cord injuries, and knee injuries. As a key contribution, the study proposed a conceptual model outlining the relationship between components of effective integrative rehabilitation training programmes for adolescents, grounded in the principles of physical culture.
Validity and reliability of a futsal performance test based on multiple intelligences
This study aimed to develop a futsal performance test instrument based on the theory of multiple intelligences for futsal athletes, and to assess its feasibility and effectiveness. The research used the ADDIE model, which includes Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases. The sample consisted of students enrolled in the Sports Coaching Education Study Program at the University of Jambi who were registered in the futsal course. Two trial groups were involved: a limited-scale trial with 30 students and a large-scale trial with 90 students, selected through simple random sampling. Sampling criteria were based on enrollment in the futsal course, as per the curriculum of the Sports Coaching Education (PORKES) Study Program. Data collection techniques included questionnaires and performance tests. Analysis methods involved content validity testing (Aiken’s V), construct validity testing (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and product effectiveness evaluation using descriptive statistics. The development process produced an instrument consisting of 18 components, each with a factor loading above 0.3, indicating strong construct validity. Content validity, assessed by three experts using the Delphi method, yielded a total Aiken’s V value of 1.141. The reliability coefficient was 0.807, indicating high internal consistency. These results demonstrate that the developed futsal test instrument is both valid and reliable for evaluating futsal performance based on multiple intelligences.
Optimizing instructional approaches to improve poomsae performance in young Taekwondo practitioners
The objective of this study was to investigate strategies aimed at enhancing the performance of young taekwondo practitioners in the execution of intricate formal exercises integrated into their training regimen. The study employed virtual reality technology in the form of the FitXR VR fitness app, compatible with Meta Quest 2 VR, to train our taekwondo-poomsae practitioners. The participants were divided into two groups, each comprising 15 practitioners (12-14 years old). Group 1, consisting of both male and female participants, underwent training using traditional training methods (TTP), while Group 2 received instruction through integrated training methods (ITM), also inclusive of male and female participants. The integrated training method (ITM) involved the incorporation of virtual reality technology alongside traditional training techniques. Coaches conducted assessments of practitioners' performance in two stages: initially at the commencement of training (pre-training), and subsequently upon completion of training (post- training). The analysis of results indicated a notable improvement in practitioners' performance with the integrated training method (ITM) when compared to the traditional training method (TTM). Moreover, the integrated training method (ITM) demonstrated a twofold enhancement in practitioners' balancing skills, agility, and endurance in comparison to the traditional training method (TTM). This highlights the efficacy of integrating virtual reality technology into the training process, emphasizing its potential to significantly augment practitioners' overall performance and proficiency in executing complex formal exercises within the domain of taekwondo.
Theoretical and methodological foundations of the development of special endurance in freestyle wrestling among qualified student-athletes
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a newly developed training program for freestyle wrestling athletes. The quantitative research was conducted with 48 student athletes of freestyle wrestling. The training program was divided into two main components: 1) Physical fitness training, tailored to address the specific needs of athletes across seven weight categories: 55 kg (121.25 lbs), 60 kg (132.25 lbs), 66 kg (145.5 lbs), 74 kg (163 lbs), 84 kg (185 lbs), 96 kg (211.5 lbs), and 120 kg (264.5 lbs). 2) Cognitive skills training, focused on enhancing motivation and self-confidence. The program was implemented over a three-month period, with performance measurements taken at two points: before (pre-training) and after (post-training) the intervention. The second phase of the program emphasized cognitive development, specifically targeting motivation and self-confidence. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between athletes’ physical abilities, techniques, endurance, stamina, motivation, and self-confidence with their overall performance (p<0.05). Furthermore, a significant improvement was observed in athlete performance following the completion of the training program (p<0.05). In conclusion, both physical fitness and cognitive skills are critical for improving the performance of freestyle wrestling athletes.
Shaping student motivation to participate in sporting activities through educational psychology: Insights from a case study at Hanoi Metropolitan University
This study investigated the impact of educational psychology on students' physical activity habits at Hanoi Metropolitan University. The research aimed to analyze psychological factors influencing motivation for physical activity, evaluate the role of teaching styles in physical education, identify barriers to physical activity participation, and propose solutions to help students maintain exercise habits. Using a mixed-methods approach, a survey was conducted with 300 students (135 male, 165 female) to measure motivation for physical activity, perceptions of instructor support, and levels of sports participation, while 30 students were interviewed in-depth to understand the influence of instructors, peer and social media impacts, and personal obstacles. The results indicate that students with higher intrinsic motivation tend to maintain physical activity more effectively, while autonomy-supportive teaching methods enhance motivation and long-term commitment to sports. However, barriers such as academic pressure, lack of sports facilities, and psychological stress negatively affect students' engagement in physical activity. The study concludes that integrating educational psychology principles, such as autonomy-supportive teaching, creating an encouraging environment for physical activity, and leveraging social influences, can help students develop sustainable exercise habits.
Development of a task-oriented physical education model to enhance students’ intrinsic motivation and motor skills
Physical education serves as a medium to foster the development of motor skills, physical fitness, cognitive abilities, and value appreciation—including attitudes, emotional, spiritual, and social dimensions. This study aimed to examine whether task involvement influences students' intrinsic motivation and motor learning outcomes in physical education. The participants in this research included educational psychology experts, physical education specialists, junior high school physical education teachers in Surabaya, and junior high school students enrolled in Physical Education, Sports, and Health classes. The study involved two classes comprising a total of 70 students. Data were collected through a needs assessment using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with experts to explore the importance of innovation in physical education for enhancing intrinsic motivation and motor skill development. The instruments used included an intrinsic motivation questionnaire adapted from the Sport Motivation Scale and a motor ability test administered using the Barrow Motor Ability Test (BMAT), which includes six items. The results yielded a significance value of p = 0.000, indicating a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-test intrinsic motivation scores. In conclusion, the task-oriented physical education learning model was effective in increasing students' intrinsic motivation, making them more satisfied, engaged, and joyful when participating in physical activities at school.
Counseling and mental health interventions in sports: A systematic review of current practices and outcomes
This study aimed to highlight the importance of structured psychological intervention in supporting athletes' recovery from injury, managing stress, and preventing future injuries. This study synthesised various relevant studies using a systematic literature review approach, with data sources from the Scopus database. The inclusion criteria included empirical studies, review articles, book chapters, and conference papers published between 1976 and 2024. The results of the study show that psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), stress management programs, and goal-setting strategies contribute significantly to athletes' mental resilience and physical recovery. Social support from family, coaches, and teammates also accelerated the rehabilitation process and increased recovery effectiveness. In addition, the integration of mental health strategies in training programs can reduce the risk of injury by managing competitive pressure and emotional stress. In conclusion, mental health counseling and interventions in sports are essential for improving the holistic well-being of athletes. This intervention not only helps with injury recovery but also serves as a preventive measure to maintain optimal performance. Collaboration between medical personnel and sports psychologists is necessary to ensure a comprehensive recovery plan covering both physical and mental aspects. This study emphasized the importance of implementing mental health strategies to improve athletes' performance and well-being in competitive sports.
Academic and financial benefits for student-athletes at a Brazilian Federal University
The University is configured in a complex context. It encompasses a set of diverse people, among them the student-athletes, who, in addition to undergoing the academic activities inherent to the formation, still face the workload of training and competitions. Policys have been developed with specialized assistance to provide better conditions to the public. The aim of this study was to investigate the granting of academic and financial benefits to student-athletes at a Brazilian Federal University. This was an exploratory documentary research, with the technique of document analysis applied to resolutions, service instructions, ordinances, and proclamations. The results indicated that the University has policys for dual careers, although they are limited to academic and sports initiatives. The policys is materialized through standard rules and granting absence allowances to student-athletes in competitions representing the University, a monthly sports scholarship (R$400.00) and financial aid for participation in competitions with an individual value of R$800.00. It is concluded that the institution promotes dual careers through policies, although this is restricted, imprecise, and limited in academic initiatives; partially adequate in sports initiatives, with urgent readjustments needed in the value of the scholarship and the creation of actions aimed at retirement preparation.
Effect of high-tone external muscle stimulation on fatigue and functional outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial
A major symptom experienced by subjects with multiple sclerosis is fatigue, which induces a decline in physical, cognitive, and functional capacity. Exercise and electrotherapy are cornerstones of rehabilitation that elicit acceptable effects on feelings of fatigue and on performing activities of daily living. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high-tone external muscle stimulation on fatigue and functional outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients. A total of 40 multiple sclerosis patients were allocated randomly to either: the study or control groups. The study group received high-tone external muscle stimulation, while the control group received a conventional selected exercise training program. Both groups received 3 sessions per week for one month. Both groups showed a significant improvement post-study compared with pre-study. There was a significant reduction in Disability Status Scale (p=0.002), Fatigue Severity Scale scores (p=0.004), and total scores of Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (p=0.001) of the study group compared with that of the control group. High-tone external muscle stimulation showed an important improvement effect for both fatigue and functional outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients, being more effective than the conventional exercise training program; therefore, it should be considered a beneficial treatment method for patients with multiple sclerosis.
Is sports sponsorship effective? Effects on brand equity and engagement on Twitter
The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of sports sponsorship in social networks on brand equity and engagement on Twitter. Specifically, it focuses on the effectiveness of Ecuadorian soccer sponsorship brands on the four dimensions of brand equity (awareness, loyalty, perceived quality and brand association) and consumer engagement. This empirical study was conducted through two online surveys of soccer fans, with two different stimuli: sponsoring brand (n=224) versus non-sponsoring brand (n=260). The findings indicated that the sponsoring brand presents a positive and significant impact on its brand equity and engagement on Twitter compared to the non-sponsoring brand. The study affirms that brand equity and consumer engagement can offer academics and industry practitioners a viable method for evaluating the effectiveness of sports sponsorship on social media.
Community attachment as a mediating variable in the relationship between residents' perceived impact on sports tourism and support for the sector.
The field of sports tourism is receiving increasing attention from various social actors, due to the important impact this economic sector has on various sectors of society. Once a locality becomes a tourist destination, the attachment of local residents will be affected by its development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse residents' perceptions of the impact of active-sport tourism, community attachment and support for the sector. The results of the study indicate that the higher the level of people's positive perception of the social, cultural, environmental and economic impacts, the higher the support for tourism development. On the other hand, there is also a mediating influence of people's attachment to the community between the relationship of perceived impacts and support for active-sport tourism development. These findings provide a better understanding of people's perspectives for active-sport tourism, which can help guide future decisions regarding tourism practice, development and planning.
The relationship between sport management and the field of disability: A bibliometric analysis
The relationship between sport management and the disability field has been gaining interest in recent years. The number of people with disabilities playing sport has increased significantly, and the objectives of sport management have focused on promoting participation and improving the health and well-being of people with disabilities. This paper analyses the articles published in the Web of Science on the practice of sport for people with disabilities and the field of sport management. Bibliometric analysis allows us to discover the current state of a research field, identify the main authors, articles and topics, and propose future lines of research to develop it further. Articles published between 1999 and 2022 were analysed quantitatively and by co-occurrence of words and authors. Subsequently, through bibliographic linking, the articles were grouped into different clusters. Four central themes were found, with the areas of marketing and sport events being the most developed. This study provides a basis for future research on sport for people with disabilities in the field of sport management. The results of this study can help to improve the participation of people with disabilities in sport, and improve their health and well-being.
Motivation in Physical Education class according to sex, age, level of physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet
The objective of this study was to analyze students' motivation toward physical education (PE) classes and to examine how this motivation is associated with sex, age, level of physical activity, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among schoolchildren. The sample consisted of 564 students between the ages of 10 and 13, of whom 53.2% were boys and 46.8% were girls. To gather data, several instruments were administered, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Physical Education Class Motivation Questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (IPAQ-A), and the KIDMED index, which assesses adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The findings revealed a generally high level of satisfaction with PE classes among participants. Furthermore, boys reported higher levels of motivation compared to girls. Students with medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet demonstrated greater intrinsic motivation, suggesting that healthier dietary patterns may be linked to internal drivers for participation in physical activity. Additionally, students who reported being very physically active showed higher levels of extrinsic motivation, indicating that external factors may play a role in encouraging participation in physical activity among this group.
Relative hand grip strength and functional fitness among older adults with type II diabetes in Egypt: A cross-sectional study
Population aging, diabetes, and insufficient physical activity have become pressing public health issues in Egypt. Addressing these challenges can enhance the quality of life for the aging population and reduce the overall public health burden. This study recruited 200 participants, divided into two groups: individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy non-diabetic controls. Participants were assessed for relative handgrip strength (rHGS) using a hand dynamometer, and for functional fitness using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the 30-second chair stand, and the 2-minute walk test (2-MWT), all during the same visit. The mean relative hand grip strength (rHGS) and the functional assessment (TUG, 30-second chair stands and 2-MWT) were significantly lower in the diabetic group compared to the group with no diabetes (p<0.05). Both rHGS and functional level are significantly lower in elderly diabetics as compared with healthy elderly subjects in Egypt (p<0.05). Also, among the Egyptians, rHGS and functional level in elderly participants with type 2 diabetes are strongly correlated with their glycemic control (p<0.05). The study highlights the importance of monitoring physical function as part of diabetes management in older adults.
Nature as school: Indigenous Mentawai children's play activities based on local wisdom for enriching motor skills
Childhood is a period of growth and motor development. Therefore, analyzing strategies to prevent motor delays is very important. One strategy to prevent motor delays is play activities. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain in-depth information about play activities based on local wisdom of indigenous Mentawai children while enriching children's motor skills. The methodology of this study was qualitative research. The sample included six indigenous Mentawai children and three parents of participating children. This study employed data triangulation—specifically, semi-structured open interviews, observation, and document analysis—as methods of data collection. The results of the study conveyed that play activities based on local wisdom can enrich the motor skills of indigenous Mentawai children. Based on the results, the researcher advised parents not to limit children from doing outdoor activities and to provide opportunities for children to explore activities. Play activities based on the local wisdom of indigenous Mentawai children can enrich motor skills, so that it can minimize the occurrence of motor delays in early childhood.
Socioeconomic impact of hosting a national sporting event in Muallim District, Malaysia
In Malaysia, many sporting events had been conducted every year. Unfortunately, less research has been conducted on the benefits and side effects of the events. Thus, the impact of hosting a sport event is not well understood. This study was conducted to determine the impact of a national level sport event hosting, namely Sukan Institusi Malaysia (SUKIPT) (in English: Higher Education Sport) on the socioeconomic aspect among residents in Muallim District, Malaysia. A total of 546 respondents, consisting of athletes, managers, spectators and volunteers were recruited as participants of this study. They were given questionnaires that consisted of elements such as happiness and unity among Muallim residents, tourism and economic chances, interest to sports and healthy lifestyle and views on negative impacts. The results were presented descriptively, and the findings indicated a significant impact of SUKIPT on various aspects, including increased happiness and unity among residents, positive effects on tourism and economic opportunities, enhanced interest in sports and healthy lifestyles, and concerns about negative impacts such as environmental pollution and price increments. This study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted impact of hosting national sports events on the socioeconomic aspects of the host city, and highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with such events.
Impact of learning strategies on psychological well-being, academic performance, and physical education outcomes among university students: A case study at Hanoi Metropolitan University, Vietnam
This study examined the impact of learning strategies on psychological well-being, academic performance, and physical education outcomes among university students at Hanoi Metropolitan University, Vietnam. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected from 500 students via structured surveys, while qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 25 participants. Quantitative findings reveal that students employing cognitive and metacognitive strategies, such as goal-setting, self-monitoring, and elaboration, achieved significantly higher GPAs, reported lower stress levels, and exhibited greater engagement in physical education activities compared to those with minimal strategy use. High strategy users had an average GPA of 3.72 and stress levels of 12.8 (GHQ-28), outperforming low strategy users, whose respective averages were 2.98 and 18.4. Qualitative data further highlighted the transformative role of adaptive strategies in managing academic responsibilities and mitigating stress. High strategy users reported feeling more organized, confident, and motivated, both academically and physically, by setting clear goals and tracking progress. In contrast, low strategy users often described challenges related to procrastination, disorganization, and lack of motivation, which negatively impacted their academic and physical engagement. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the inclusion of learning strategies in educational policies to enhance student well-being, performance, and physical education outcomes.
Comprehensive training for young football players: Technical, physical, and psychological readiness for global competitions
This study aimed to identify the main factors influencing the effectiveness of training football players in adolescence to achieve high results at the international level. The study used methods of analysing scientific literature, observing training processes and competitions, and experimental approaches to assessing athletes’ physical and psychological fitness. It included 136 football players: men (n = 92; 67.65%) and women (n = 44; 32.35%). The age range was 14–22 years old and the average age 19.6. The results showed that adapting training programmes to the individual needs of athletes and considering the sociocultural context plays a key role in ensuring their competitiveness in international competitions. The analysis of technical and tactical indicators of young football players before and after the implementation of practical recommendations showed significant improvements: an increase in the number of short and medium passes forward (from 74±23 to 105±24, p<0.05) and backward (from 62±19 to 84±25, p<0.05), which indicates better ball control and pace of the game. The decrease in technical errors confirms the improvement in technical stability, while the number of long passes remained unchanged (p>0.05), probably due to their selective use. The study’s results may be helpful for coaches, sports psychologists, and sports institution managers in developing training programmes for young athletes.
Game-like situations training method and endurance impact on volleyball player performance
This study aimed to examine the impact of game-like situations training on the improvement of cardiovascular fitness and volleyball skills among high school students. The quasi-experimental design involved a sample of 32 secondary school students aged 13-17 years, divided into four groups based on two training methods (game-like situations and endurance) and two skill levels (high and low). The 8-week program, with sessions twice a week, focused on improving players' technical skills such as passing, setting, and ball control, as well as their cardiovascular endurance. Data were collected through the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test to measure cardiovascular fitness, alongside physical endurance tests. The results showed that the game-like situations training method was more effective than endurance training in improving volleyball skills, particularly for players with high skill levels. While endurance also played a significant role, combining game-like situations with endurance training yielded dual benefits, enhancing both technical skills and cardiovascular fitness. This study suggests that integrating game-like situations into volleyball training programs at the adolescent level is essential for the holistic development of players. Further research is recommended to explore additional factors influencing skill development and to assess the long-term impact of these training methods.
Analysis of physical education teachers' professional anxiety and self-efficacy perceptions
This study aimed to examine physical education teachers' perceptions of professional anxiety and self-efficacy. A total of 265 teachers participated voluntarily in the study. The sample consisted of 39.6% women (n = 105) and 60.4% men (n = 160). Teachers' anxiety levels were measured with the Anxiety Scale for the Teaching Profession (PMYS) and their self-efficacy levels were measured with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS). In the comparison made according to professional years, it was determined that the self-efficacy and anxiety levels of teachers with 5-9 years of experience were higher than those of other professional years. In the comparison made according to the status of doing sports, it was seen that the self-efficacy and anxiety levels of those who did sports for 0-1 year and those who did sports for 4 years or more were higher than the other groups. As a result of the analysis of the relationship between PMQS and DT, a significant relationship was detected at the p<0.05 level and this relationship was found to be at a moderate positive level (r=0.543). Both self-efficacy and anxiety levels of those who have been in the profession for 5-9 years and those who have been doing sports for 0-1 year were higher than other participants, and as general self-efficacy increased, self-esteem also increased.
Effects of dietary advice, aerobic exercise, and virtual reality games on the quality of life of obese adolescent females
Previous studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise and dietary changes positively impact mental and physical health. This study aimed to assess and compare the effects of three interventions (dietary advice, aerobic exercise, and VR games) on the QoL of obese adolescent females. A total of 100 adolescent females aged 12-17 years with Class A obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to two groups. Study Group (SG): 50 participants received a combination of diet advice, aerobic exercise, and VR games three times per week for 8 weeks. Control Group (CG): 50 participants received diet advice and aerobic exercise alone, without VR games, for the same duration. There was a significant increase in the QoL of the SG compared with that of the CG (p < 0.01). No significant differences in waist circumference, waist–hip ratio, fat mass, muscle mass, water content, depression and anxiety scores (p > 0.05). By comparing the interventions, the research provided insights into significant increase in QoL of SG compared with that of CG. These results could inform future health and education policies aimed at enhancing the health of teenagers in the digital era.
Evidence based practice beliefs and implementation among Egyptian physical therapists: A cross-sectional study
Adding evidence-based practice (EBP) to physical therapists (PTs) routine practice enhances work environment, healthcare quality and rehabilitation outcomes. Physiotherapy is one of the most developed healthcare professions especially in the last decades, and it is critical for PTs to standardize their practices and to be familiar with evidence-based practice. This study aimed to identify Egyptian physical therapists’ beliefs and implementations of EBP in Cairo Governorate. A sample of 200 PTs, 79% females and 21% males, from Cairo Governorate participated and completed online questionnaires about EBP Belief and EBP Implementation. PTs who attended training courses about EBP reported a mean total belief score of 57.93 (±6.55), and 43.03 (±13.09) for the group who did not attend training courses about EBP. Implementation total score was 59.36 (±12.85) and 45.41 (±13.54) for the group who attended and the group who did not attend training courses about EBP, respectively. To some extent, PTs in Cairo Governorate are aware of the importance of EBP but there are challenges in the implementation. Attending training courses about EBP is critical for better knowledge and implementation in clinical practice. Also experience and educational level are important for knowledge and implementation of EBP.
Efficacy of robotic training gloves in improving hand function and movement in stroke patients
Robotic training gloves are designed to assist with hand movements by providing resistance, support, or guidance. The efficacy of robotic training gloves on hand function in stroke patients, particularly when using the mirror mode, is an intriguing topic in rehabilitation therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of assistive robotic rehabilitation devices on hand function in stroke patients. A controlled randomized study was conducted with thirty (9 males and 21 female) stroke patients, who were selected from the outpatient clinic of Al-Delingat Central Hospital - Al-Buhaira Governorate. These patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the study group (A), which received the selected physical therapy program and mirror therapy assisted by a robotic rehabilitation glove, and the control group (B), which received only the conventional physical therapy program. When comparing between both groups, the results indicate that the patients in group A that underwent the combined therapy had a statistically significant improvement in grip strength when tested by the Jamar dynamometer (MD= 1.87 [0.39, 3.35], P=0.015) and in motor function when evaluated by the Fugl-Meyer scale than the group who had only conventional physical therapy (Group B) (MD= 16.67 [3.9, 29.4], p=0.012). This controlled randomized study provides evidence that combining robotic rehabilitation with a standard physical therapy program yields superior improvements in grip strength and motor function compared to standard physical therapy alone.
Body mass index, comorbid conditions, and demographic factors among tertiary healthcare workers in Kosovo: Implications for physical activity interventions
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweightness and obesity among healthcare workers (HCWs) at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo in Pristina, Kosovo, and to examine the relationship between demographic variables, comorbid conditions, and body mass index (BMI). This was a retrospective, descriptive, analytical study. The study population consisted of 3048 HCWs at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo in Pristina, Kosovo. The sample consisted of all HCWs who were willing to provide his/her BMI (n = 1399) and included 717 females (51.25%) and 682 males (48.75%) with an average age of 48.16±10.46 years. Biochemical and hematological tests were carried out. BMI and blood pressure were assessed. The prevalence of overweight and obesity class I was 49.1% and 19.8%, respectively, according to WHO criteria, where overweight is defined as BMI 25.0–29.9 and obesity class I as BMI 30.0–34.9. Males were found to have a higher mean BMI compared to females (p=0.01). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia were found to be statistically significant with BMI (p<0.01) while type II diabetes was insignificant (p=0.05). Age was associated with type II diabetes (p<0.05) and hypertension (p=0.05); sex was significantly associated only with hyperglycemia (p<0.05). With an increase in age for both sexes, the rates of obesity and overweight increased, especially from ages 45 to 54 in HCWs. BMI was a significant predictor of hypertension (p<0.01, OR=1.45), dyslipidemia (p<0.01, OR=1.42), and hyperglycemia (p<0.01, OR=1.48). These results indicate the need for increased physical activity in order to reverse obesity-related health problems and obtain better health among HCWs.
Physical and emotional perception in the physical education classroom among university students of Early Childhood Education
Emotional and physical education are basic elements of our health that are not sufficiently introduced in the university training of future Early Childhood Education teachers. There is evidence of the benefits of physical practice on emotional health and academic performance. A socio-motor intervention of 11 practical sessions was carried out with a group of 64 students of the Early Childhood Education Degree. The emotional intelligence data with TMMS-24 were adequate, except for the reparation factor in males. The perception of fatigue remained at moderate levels and improved throughout the intervention. A weak direct correlation between final fatigue and emotional intelligence was observed. Considering the worsening of emotional and physical health levels among children and young people, it will be necessary to raise awareness and expertise on emotional and physical health among university students in the field of education, and to implement more studies and programmes in the rest of the educational stages.
The effect of four-week high-intensity interval training on increasing physical fitness and specific speed in young Pencak Silat athletes
This study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on increasing aerobic performance and speed, specifically for Pencak Silat athletes. Thirteen student-level Pencak Silat athletes were selected using consecutive sampling methods and then divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG, n = 7) and the control group (CG, n = 6). The HIIT protocol on EG consists of 2 minutes x 3 sets, with a 1-minute rest interval between sets to adapt to the motion demands during the match. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) was used to measure aerobic performance capacity (VO2max) and FST to measure total kicks between pre- and post-HIIT. The results of the study showed that there was an increase in VO2max on EG (44.86±1.90 vs. 48.42±2.67 mL/kg/min; p=0.000) and CG (42.43±1.85 vs. 44.02±2.18 mL/kg/min; p=0.020). The mean delta in VO2max increased between the two groups, with a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05), and the EG produced a larger effect size compared to the CG. For total kicks, there was a substantial increase between pre-post on EG (105.72±7.89 vs. 112.57±8.91 n; p=0.001), while CG did not show any significant difference (p ≥ 0.05). These findings prove that the Pencak Silat-specific HIIT protocol can improve aerobic performance and speed specifically for Pencak Silat athletes.
Activation, mental toughness, and psychological wellbeing in water sports
A non-optimal level of activation for the specific competitive moment negatively affects the athlete's performance, while an adequate level of activation can promote positive feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that contribute to the athlete's mental toughness and, in turn, to psychological wellbeing. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of activation and mental toughness subscales among adolescent and young adult athletes with high performance in water sports. The results indicate that athletes with high mental toughness scores also obtained higher scores on the activation subscale, and those with high mental toughness showed higher psychological wellbeing in this study. Therefore, it seems important to develop intervention programs for young athletes aimed at enhancing the skills related to the variables studied.
The relationships between tactical formation, technical-tactical performance, and match outcome in the Ethiopian Bet King Premier League
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis using a correlational study design to find the relationships between tactical formation, technical-tactical performance, and match outcome in the Ethiopian Bet King Premier League. Out of the seasons 240 matches, 40 matches were taken using a purposive sampling technique. A conceptual model guided the study process and how the study variables relate to one another, illuminating the dynamics that affect success in competitive soccer situations. The study results showed that in the Ethiopian Bet King Premier League, formation does not correlate with either technical-tactical performances such as ball possession and shots or with match outcomes, except the interrelationship among the technical tactical performance parameters and match outcome. However, a significant difference exists among the formations only in possession percentage F (3, 76) = 3.018, p = .035. The study has the implication that investigation of key performance indicators (KPIs) in today’s soccer must go far beyond identifying advanced performance indicators that can reflect the outcome of the game. Thus, for coaching, it implies that what matters the most is not the position we give to each player and the number of players in each position; instead, the complex intricacies of players’ movement, decisions, and positional change among the players could be potential factors for winning/match outcome.
Development of a web-based system for storing and accessing kinesthetic motor skills data of young volleyball players
Along with the development of the world of sport today, efforts to manage the sport of volleyball are very important to implement, both in management in society, education, and management at the local, national and international levels. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument capable of identifying players’ movements, based on dominant movements in volleyball games, using technology integrated with a system for later storage on the web. The research method had four stages, namely (1) preliminary study, (2) validation by experts, (3) acceptance test, and (4) usefulness test. Validation was carried out by volleyball experts, sports talent identification experts, and coaches, with assessment indicators including suitability, accuracy, ease, and practicality. Acceptance testing was carried out by applying the instrument to 120 young volleyball players to collect categorization data. The results showed that the instrument was effective and feasible to use in identifying the kinesthetic movements of young volleyball players, and providing recommendations for players with good kinesthetic movement abilities. This instrument is expected to help sports teachers and volleyball coaches in identifying players’ movements more easily.
Educational strategies for the development of psychomotor skills in early childhood students: A systematic review
This study aimed to analyze educational strategies for the development of psychomotor skills in early childhood students through a systematic review. A qualitative approach was adopted, using recognized academic databases such as Scopus, Redalyc, Scielo, and ProQuest. The search equations employed included combinations of key terms using Boolean operators like "AND" and "OR." The most relevant findings of the review highlight that educational strategies focused on physical activity and psychomotor skills are fundamental for the holistic development of children, as they not only promote motor development but also have a significant impact on cognitive, emotional, and social skills. Personalizing physical activity programs, adapting them to the specific characteristics of each school environment and the individual needs of children, is identified as a key factor for maximizing their effectiveness. Moreover, the importance of early intervention and careful planning of activities is emphasized, where physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects must be integrated simultaneously, creating a holistic learning environment. The integration of physical activities that promote both gross and fine motor skills enables children not only to improve their motor abilities but also to strengthen essential cognitive skills such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.
Importance of body expression in the cognitive development of early childhood education students: A systematic review
The aim of this study was to determine the importance of body language in the cognitive development of early childhood education students. The methodology consisted of a systematic review, in which a bibliographic search of scientific articles was carried out in databases such as: SCOPUS, PROQUEST, SPRINGER, TAYLOR & FRANCIS and SCIELLO. As a search strategy, the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” were used, in order to obtain the greatest possible number of relevant articles before their exclusion. The analysis of the reviewed studies highlighted that bodily expression, through activities such as play, dance and physical movement, has a positive and significant impact on the cognitive development of children in early education. These activities not only improve motor development but also promote key skills such as memory, attention, perception and concentration, essential for early learning. It is concluded that body expression must be systematically integrated into the educational curriculum to promote comprehensive development in early childhood education. Ultimately, body language plays a crucial role in children's cognitive development, integrating physical and mental skills that are essential for their early learning.
Management of physical education activities for students in primary schools: A case study in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam
The aim of this study was to assess the quality of physical education and its management in primary schools in Vinh Long province, providing a scientific foundation for improving physical education activities to align with the new general education program. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, including both qualitative and quantitative data collection. A survey was conducted with 450 physical education teachers in primary schools across Vinh Long province, using questionnaires, interviews, and direct observations of lessons and teacher management practices. The results of the survey reveal significant limitations and weaknesses in physical education management, including inadequate lesson preparation by teachers, ineffective implementation of lesson plans, and insufficient, untimely assessment and evaluation processes in physical education teaching. The study concludes that innovative reforms in the management and implementation of physical education are necessary to ensure quality.
Correlation between swimming pool water quality and physical fitness of swimmers aged 13–15 years
This study examined the relationship between swimming pool water quality and swimmers' physical fitness, emphasizing the importance of maintaining good water quality for optimal health and performance. The research was conducted at the Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP) indoor swimming pool, involving 30 male junior high school swimmers aged 13-15, with varying swimming abilities. Water samples were collected from a depth of 20 cm at one point near the pool's edge during two observation periods (morning and afternoon). Bacterial colonies were counted using Nutrient Agar medium to assess water contamination. Physical fitness was measured using the Tes Kebugaran Jasmani Pelajar Nusantara (TKPN) instrument, which included tests for flexibility, strength, and endurance. In Observation I, the pool water met health standards with no bacterial contamination. However, in Observation II, bacterial contamination was detected in the afternoon, with a count of 5,103 CFU/mL, exceeding the standard threshold. Physical fitness tests revealed that most swimmers were in the "C" (Satisfactory) category, with a smaller percentage in the "A" (Excellent) and "B" (Good) categories. Correlation analysis found a significant negative relationship between pool water quality and fitness test results (p < 0.05). This study underscores the need for regular monitoring of swimming pool water quality to ensure swimmer health and performance, and calls for further research with larger, more diverse samples to deepen understanding of this relationship.
The acute effects of various dynamic stretching exercises on jump performance and range of motion
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of different dynamic stretching (DS) protocols on vertical jump performance and range of motion (ROM). Thirty healthy male participants, with an average age of 23.48 years, body weight of 76.90 kg, and height of 181.87 cm, who had engaged in recreational exercise for at least two years, participated voluntarily. A "cross-controlled randomized" experimental design was utilized to assess four distinct DS protocols: a-DS at 100 bpm for 30", b-DS at 100 bpm for 75" s, c-DS at 150 bpm for 30", and d-DS at 150 bpm for 75". Acute ROM was measured using the Passive Straight Leg Raise Test (PSLR), while jump performance was assessed via countermovement jump (CMJ). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired samples T-tests with significance set at p<.05. All four DS techniques significantly increased angles measured by PSLR following application (p <.05). CMJ values also showed significant improvements in both groups subjected to the shorter protocols lasting 30"at either tempo (p <.05). Consideration should be given to application duration and tempo when planning DS exercises, as structured warm-up routines can enhance flexibility and optimize athletic performance.
Consequences of COVID-19 on Iran's economy and sports industry: Analysis and improvement strategies
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of COVID-19 on Iran's economy and sports industry and to provide solutions to compensate for these losses. The present study was descriptive-survey in terms of its practical purpose and the method of data collection. In the first (qualitative) phase, 24 interviews were conducted with economics experts and sports economics faculty nationwide. In the second (quantitative) phase, 610 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed—both in person and online—among postgraduate sports management students across the country. The results showed that the spread of the COVID-19 virus did not have only negative effects and it also had many positive effects on the sports industry. The sports industry can have a very high capacity to adapt to the crisis of the spread of COVID-19 and similar crises. Holding classes and workshops in various sports fields and sports sciences online, paying more attention to family sports, sports at home and open spaces and in the economic sector, during the period of the COVID-19 epidemic, online sports businesses flourished and the managers of sports complexes found financial alternatives. Overall, the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the economic ones, were more significant than the positives for sports, mainly due to its sudden onset, rapid spread, and the sports industry's lack of preparedness.
Scientific and methodological foundations of the formation of football playing skills in middle school students
This study was conducted to develop and assess a new experimental football training program designed to engage students in football and enhance their skills, knowledge, and techniques related to football. The experimental training program (a combination of theory and practice) was assessed based on three elements of the program: teaching modules, practical coaching, and game competition. Based on the results, increasing practical coaching for football students further enhances their football skills. The relationship between game competition (GC) and students’ football skills development (SFSD) was significant (β = 0.929; p=0.000). Also, the relationship between experimental teaching and training program (ETTP) and football skills was significant (β =0.875; p=0.000). Therefore, football skills were developed with the program and the majority of students performed exceptionally well during and after the completion of the program. The results show that students’ performance increased significantly as compared to former theory-based models. Also, students’ level of engagement increased with the new experimental training program. The experimental training program was developed to overcome the weakness of the current football training program, which was lacking in skills development and student engagement.
Effectiveness of simple motor skills training (SMST) and complex motor skills training (CMST) in young boxing students (aged 13–14) from a rural school in Kazakhstan
Boxing sport requires an effective selection of strategies, skills, and techniques. Mastering skills ranging from simple motor skills (SMS) to complex motor skills (CMS) requires dedicated training and engagement. This study was designed to assess the association between complex motor skills training (CMST), simple motor skill training (SMST), and technical performance effectiveness (STPE) among boxing students of Terekti Village Sports School in Kazakhstan. The study included 160 male students aged 13–14 from 8th and 9th grade. They were divided into two groups, each consisting of four teams, with 20 boxing students per team. The association between SMST and CMST was statistically significant (β = 0.313). CMST has a strong positive and statistically significant (p = 0.000) association with SMST (r = .620**). STPE has a strong positive association with SMST (r = 0.781**) and with CMST (r = 0.674**). Therefore, from the Pearson correlation analysis, we found that SMST, CMST, and STPE are all positively associated. The study findings showed that simple motor skills training (SMST) is positively associated with complex motor skills training (CMST). Both CMS and CMS are positively associated with students’ technical performance effectiveness (STPE).
Ageing effects on match physical performance in elite soccer during fixture congestion
The number of matches played by elite soccer teams throughout the season has increased dramatically in recent years. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of a fixture congestion on the physical performance of elite players. The sample consisted of 2,971 Spanish LaLiga matches including the physical performance of 346 different players during the 2018-2019 season who played two consecutive matches with incomplete (<4 days) or complete (>5 days) recovery. The following categories were considered: total distance, running distance at low speed (0–14 km·h-1), running distance at medium speed (14.1–21 km·h-1), high speed distance (21.1–24 0–14 km·h-1), distance covered by sprint (>24 km·h-1), number of sprints >24 km·h-1, number of sprints 21-24 km·h-1 and number of sprints <21 km·h-1. Physical performance data was recorded using a multi-camera computerized tracking system. To analyze the differences in the physical performance of the players according to the age group (17-23 years, 24-27 years, 28-30 years and 31-38 years) a linear mixed model was performed. The results suggest that there are no significant differences in any of the categories of physical performance or age group despite having more or fewer recovery days.
Development of a Sports Training Program Planning Information System (SIPRENPOL)
This study aimed to develop a Sports Training Program Planning Information System (SIPRENPOL) to aid sports trainers in the creation of structured and systematic training programs. The study employed a research and development process. The methodologies used followed the research and development framework. The data analysis included both quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques to assess and ascertain the viability of the created items. The study involved 75 students, with 15 participating in small-scale trials and 60 in large-scale trials, all from the Sports Coaching Education (PKO) program at the Faculty of Sports Science (FIK), Medan State University. Instruments and data gathering methods employ media assessment surveys for subject matter experts, media specialists, and students. The findings indicated that the SIPRENPOL enhanced planning efficiency, transparency, and communication in the administration of training programs. This integration demonstrates the advantageous impacts of information technology on sports management. The system can function as a prototype for more sports, enhancing training efficacy and personal growth. Its successful deployment relies on users' comprehension and preparedness to utilize the technology effectively.
The impact of psychological education on the motivation for participating in physical activities among pedagogical students in Vietnam
This study investigated the impact of psychological education on enhancing the motivation of pedagogical students to participate in physical activities at three major universities in Hanoi: Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE), Hanoi Metropolitan University (HMU), and National Academy of Education Management (NAEM). The research applied Self-Determination Theory (SDT), emphasizing three fundamental psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—to foster intrinsic motivation. Data were collected from 450 students and 30 faculty members using mixed-methods research. The findings revealed significant improvements in students’ intrinsic motivation following the intervention, particularly at HNUE (increasing from 3.9 to 5.4). Amotivation decreased substantially across all institutions, with the largest reduction observed at HNUE (from 2.4 to 1.2). Social support from peers and faculty emerged as a key factor in enhancing intrinsic motivation and reducing amotivation, particularly among female students and first- and second-year cohorts. The study highlights the critical role of psychological education in developing more effective physical education programs. It provides a practical foundation for advancing psychological education interventions to promote sustainable motivation and long-term health benefits for pedagogical students in Vietnam.
Learning sports initiation through CLIL dissemination
This study aimed to teach students how to communicate and disseminate an idea linked to learning of sport education. Fifty-two students of Sport Science from a Pontifical University of Comillas, participated in a congress of sports sciences. The present work is based on learning of sport education and in a complementary way, it will improve learning of foreign languages through the CLIL methodology (content and language integrated learning). In this way, the use of new technologies must be added as a tool for research, communication and dissemination so required and used today in education, since our project aims to build meaningful learning, achieving a meta-learning that favors educational success. The results obtained suggest that the realization of this professional practice helped the students to create elaborate ideas, try to identify problems encountered by seeking plausible solutions, and build a personal autonomy that will help them to create knowledge.
Performance of Uruguayan and foreign basketball players after the change of rule of the national competition
In 2017 the Uruguayan Basketball League incorporated a third foreign to the teams that could have affected the national’s player’s growth. The aim of this study was to compare the national and foreign player’s performance from the rule change that suggested an increase of foreign players, in the playoffs of the LUB 2017/2018 y 2018/2019 through the use of advanced statistics. The sample was 964 records of the 108 participating male players in 68 playoffs matches. It selected the metrics of Win Score (WS), Game Score (GS), Player Impact Estimate (PIE), Effective Field Goal Percentage (EFG%) and True Shooting Percentage (TS%) metrics as study variables. The result showed significant differences in all variables related to player productivity on the part of foreign from one season to the next (p<0,05) and in the comparison with the nationals (p<0,01), while the nationals showed differences related to shot from year to year. The foreign stood out with their productivity and their weight in the team's victories with scoring and rebounding role, while national players kept shot performances. Also, the foreign and national performance are not isolated, but they are complementary.
Breast cancer patients' beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge about the value of physical therapy in their rehabilitation
This study aimed to examine breast cancer patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding physical therapy and its impact on rehabilitation after surgery and radiotherapy. A cross-sectional design was used, involving 67 women who had undergone surgery or radiotherapy for breast cancer. Participants completed a valid and reliable self-prepared questionnaire comprising of 32 questions. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results showed that 46.2% of patients were unaware of the role of physical therapy in breast cancer rehabilitation. Patients with higher education and those over 60 years old, demonstrated significantly greater knowledge about physical therapy (p < 0.05). Access to physical therapy services was limited, with only 14.9% receiving it post-diagnosis and 20.9% post-surgery. For those who received physical therapy sessions after surgery, positive correlations were found between physical therapy and improvements in mobility (r = 0.355, p ≤ 0.05) as well as pain and muscle tension relief (r = 0.602, p ≤ 0.05), and result for the variable pain (r = .202*, p ≤ 0.05). These findings underscore the need for increased awareness about physical therapy, improved access to services, and better communication from healthcare providers to optimize rehabilitation outcomes for breast cancer patients in Kosovo.
Nationalism and referee appointments: Pan American Games Lima 2019
The purpose of this article was to analyze the importance of nationality in arbitration appointments, in specific, to understand if nationalism is above other more technical aspects of regulation. From eleven sports selected, 772 sport events have been analyzed during the Lima 2019 Pan American Games. The results have been compared with the sports regulations and with direct communications with international federations. It has been observed that despite focusing arbitration nationalism in the regulation in several ways, some of them are focused on specifics, others more general and some based on recommendations, all sports consider nationalism as the primary aspect when choosing referees.
Validity and reliability of a questionnaire to assess the impact of physical training and martial arts on physical fitness and psychological well-being in overweight secondary school students
Childhood obesity is a pressing global issue, particularly among secondary school students, highlighting the need for effective interventions to mitigate its health impacts. As the first step to evaluate the effects of physical training and martial arts on the physical fitness and psychological states of overweight secondary school students, this study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a newly developed questionnaire used to measure these outcomes. The questionnaire, comprising 37 items across four dimensions, was subjected to a rigorous validation process involving expert panels and reliability analysis, demonstrating good content validity (CVI = 0.87) and internal consistency reliability (overall Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.810). The results suggest that the questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the intended constructs. These findings have significant implications for the educational and public health sectors, advocating for the integration of physical training and martial arts interventions to combat obesity prevalence and promote healthier lifestyles among adolescents. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of these interventions and their potential to improve the physical and psychological well-being of overweight secondary school students. Future research could explore the longitudinal effects and compare different intervention modalities to further inform evidence-based practices in addressing childhood obesity.
Determining the levels of social anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties among youth participating in sports courses at youth centers
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social anxiety levels and emotion regulation difficulties among adolescents participating in sports courses at youth centers. The study included 206 young individuals (64.6% female and 35.4% male), aged 11-18, attending youth center courses across Turkey. A Google Forms survey was used for data collection, applying a convenience sampling method to reach 206 youth center participants. Data were collected using social anxiety and emotion regulation scales applied to individuals residing in a specific geographical region. The findings reveal that social anxiety levels are significantly associated with demographic factors such as age, gender, and parental education (p<0.05). Furthermore, adolescents with high levels of social anxiety are more likely to experience difficulties in emotion regulation (p<0.05). The results underscore the impact of social anxiety and emotional challenges during adolescence on psychological well-being and highlight the importance of intervention programs aimed at fostering emotional and social development among adolescents. These findings can serve as a resource for future research and practical applications, contributing to the development of strategies to reduce social anxiety in adolescents.
The effects of plyometric and resistance training on linear sprinting speed and repeated sprinting ability of youth players in Ethiopia
The study investigated the effects of resistance training, plyometric training, and resistance and plyometric training combined on linear-speed and repeated sprinting ability (RSA) of youth soccer players. The authors used a randomized block design, randomly assigning thirty-six male soccer players (aged 18 ± 1.212 years, with a body weight of 57 ± 3.580 kg) to one of three groups: plyometric exercise, combined plyometric and resistance exercise, and resistance exercise. The authors analyzed each group's performance gains by comparing the pretest and post-test performance scores using paired sample t-test. All three training groups achieved significant performance gains in linear speed and repeated sprinting ability (RSA) (p<0.05). The plyometric and combined groups achieved higher linear-speed performance than the resistance training group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the three groups in repeated-sprinting-ability scores (p>0.05). In conclusion, plyometric and combined exercises are important training methods to impact speed for soccer players. Thus, when the focus is on soccer-specific linear speed and repeated sprinting ability, coaches and their training programs should emphasize methods that incorporate appropriate plyometrics and resistance training. This fitness-oriented training has to be considered in line with the technical and tactical trainings as they are helpful to get the most from the players’ technical-tactical qualities.
Efficacy of massage and stretching for controlling hamstring muscle spasticity in children with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy: A comparative study
Background: Massage therapy is utilized to alleviate muscle spasticity in children with cerebral palsy, typically lasting at least 15 min per muscle group, which may result in lower family compliance with the home program. Objective: This study aimed to explore the impact of stretching alone or in combination with short-term massage on reducing hamstring muscle spasticity and enhancing knee range of motion (ROM) in children with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: Twelve children diagnosed with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy (6–12 years old) were randomly divided into two groups: the first received massage and stretching exercises, and the second received stretching exercises only on the hamstring muscle. The Modified Ashworth Scale was used to measure the stiffness of the hamstring muscle, and the ROM of knee flexion was measured using a manual goniometer. ROM and modified Ashworth scale (MAS) were measured at baseline and after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, respectively. Both legs of each participant received treatment for 2 weeks, with the duration of massage being 5 min and the duration of stretching being 30s with three repetitions. Results: Both methods reduced hamstring spasticity after two weeks; however, ROM improved after the first week and more significantly after the 2nd week. Conclusion: Stretching exercises, whether performed alone or in combination with short-term massage, have been found to be equally effective for treating spastic muscles. Although there was an improvement in spasticity after the first week of short-term massage, the difference was not statistically significant.
Patient's commitment to practicing home therapeutic exercises correctly
Home exercises are targeted exercises for specific muscles or muscle groups to be done by the patient at home without supervision. Prescribing physiotherapy home exercises is one of the most essential aspects of the treatment plan for any patient. The aim of this study was to explore the problem of adherence to physiotherapy home exercise in Jordan and find out the main obstacles that face Jordanian citizens in applying their prescribed home exercises. An online survey accessed through a hyperlink was directed to clients (n=76; 50% female, 50% male) of physiotherapy centers in Jordan, aged 18-22 years. The link to survey was given to clients who were asked to re-share the link with them friends and relatives who visit other physiotherapy centers on regular basis in order to reach maximum number of participants. Low adherence to home exercises could be attributed to participants’ laziness, no time and not understanding what they were supposed to do. However, regarding perceived importance and benefits, most declared the need for home exercise and stated that they could help with everyday activities if done regularly, despite the poor level of commitment.
Body perception and quality of life in ex-volleyball players in Jaén
The study analysed the relationship between body image and quality of life of participants in federated volleyball competitions in Jaén. A descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out, where athletes completed a questionnaire about their body image and quality of life. The captains and coaches completed self-completed surveys. A total of 199 subjects were studied, including 18 captains and 21 coaches. 43.6% of the women and 61.3% of the men considered themselves to have a good quality of life. Participants highlighted the importance of their personal experience in maintaining this lifestyle. In terms of body image perception, men perceived themselves better than women, with 46.9% of men choosing the options "good" or "very good", compared to 41% of women. A direct relationship was found between perceived quality of life and body image, supported by Pearson's chi-square test using SPSS software, with a value of p= 0,000. The study concludes that athletes, in general, have a high quality of life, with men perceiving it better than women. In addition, male athletes have a better perception of body image than female athletes.
Improving students' martial arts skills and fitness through an innovative e-module
The aim of this study was to develop the Physical Education, Sports, and Health module by incorporating pencak silat material along with physical fitness activities to enhance the physical fitness of seventh-grade students. The Borg and Gall model, which comprises potential and issues, data gathering, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, and product revision, was the research methodology that was employed. Lecturers, instructors, and students composed the research population. Validation sheets were used for validators and questionnaires were used for students during the data gathering phase. Professionals in the martial arts used a grid to evaluate students' skills. In the meanwhile, to evaluate students' physical fitness, the Harvard Step Up Test was used. The following results were obtained: 1) The last module (E) is highly practical to utilize as martial arts lesson material for class VII students, along with physical fitness training exercises. 2) Utilizing e-modules to learn can enhance students' proficiency in fundamental martial arts techniques. 3) Students' physical fitness improves when physical fitness training exercises are integrated with martial arts skills. In conclusion, the pencak silat learning e-module, which is backed by physical fitness training, is deemed extremely viable to be utilized as teaching material and enhance students' physical fitness.
Effectiveness of interval training in increasing VO2max in pencak silat athletes
This study provides the most recent pertinent insights into the physiological factors influencing aerobic performance training in pencak silat athletes. An athlete's physical capacity is important for success in sports performance. Aerobic capacity is recognized as primary component. The prevailing consensus among authors identifies maximal oxygen uptake VO2max as the best indicator of an organism's aerobic capacity, and a key metric for assessing the physical capacity in pencak silat athletes. Employing a quasi-experimental approach, this research was conducted between July and August 2023. Focusing on 45 pencak silat athletes from Senior High School 1 Basa Ampek Balai Tapan, using purposive sampling, 30 male athletes were selected as participants, with the bleep test used as the primary assessment tool. Statistical analysis via t-test revealed a positive impact of interval training on the VO2max in pencak silat athletes, facilitating enhanced aerobic metabolism and energy production during maximum exertion.
What is the physical and mental health status of individuals playing tennis recreationally during the pandemic process?
The aim of our study is to investigate the physical and psychological state of individuals who play tennis recreationally during the pandemic process. 206 individuals who have been playing tennis recreationally for at least 1 year participated in the study. As a data collection tool, demographic information questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and SF-12 Brief Health Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed in 2.0.0 Jamovi statistics program; Descriptive statistics were analyzed using Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and ANCOVA test. According to the findings of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the physical and mental health scores of the participants according to the MET level (p>0.05). Men's physical health mean scores and women's mental health scores were higher. Physical health mean scores of non-smokers were higher than smokers, and there was a statistically significant difference in favor of non-smokers in physical health scores (p<0.05). As a result, the physical and psychological conditions of individuals who play tennis recreationally are generally at a good level. During the pandemic period individuals may be advised to play tennis.
Global initiatives in physical education and sport development
This study aimed to analyse the impact of international projects in the field of physical culture and sports on the development of this industry at the global and national levels. The research methodology included a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of implemented projects, empirical research of results, and statistical methods to assess their impact on socio-economic indicators. The study shows that international projects have attracted young people to sports, increased the number of sports initiatives, and expanded best practices in the field of physical education; for example, with the participation of international organisations, the level of physical activity increased by 15-20% in countries that have implemented relevant programmes. At the same time, these projects have contributed to create an inclusive environment for people with disabilities and stimulated socialisation through sport. The practical significance of the results obtained is to formulate recommendations for developing and implementing international projects in the field of physical culture. This contributes to the further development of international cooperation by promoting a healthy lifestyle and improving the population's quality of life.
Managing factors affecting the professional attachment of physical education school teachers in Vietnam
In Vietnam, from August 2023 to April 2024, according to the Ministry of Education and Training, 7,215 teachers will leave or change jobs. This highlights the importance of addressing factors affecting the professional commitment of physical education teachers, a key issue for the Party, the State and society. This study examines factors affecting the professional commitment of physical education teachers in both positive and negative ways. A survey of 3,000 teachers found that 64.4% were female and 49.1% were in their 40s. Most had 5-10 years (40.75%) or 10-20 years (35.25%) of experience. The survey also included professional team leaders (2.5%) and school board members (1%). The study identified six factors affecting the professional commitment of physical education teachers: (1) income, (2) working environment, (3) management relationships, (4) training and promotion, (5) self-efficacy, and (6) relationships with colleagues. Based on these findings, the study proposes a model and solutions to improve professional commitment, ensuring the sustainable development of education in Vietnam.
Hand grip strength in dentists: A comprehensive evaluation of head position, dominance, age, and sex
This study aimed to identify the effect of different head positions on hand grip strength (HGS) on account of hand dominance, age, and sex in dentists. A total of 197 dental students (DS) and practitioners (DP) (81 females and 50 males were DS, 10 females and 14 males were (DP) aged 19-63 participated. HGS was measured using a dynamometer, and the head angle was determined with an inclinometer. HGS on both sides was greatest in NHP & displayed least strength in HEP. There was a significant difference in HGS measured in NHP, HFP, and HEP (p < 0.05) for the dominant hand, while the non-dominant hand showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) for female DS. A significant difference was recorded between dominant and non-dominant HGS in each head position (p < 0.05). Significant differences were also found between female and male DP HGS (p < 0.05) and DS (p < 0.05), particularly at HFP and HEP. There was a significant difference noted between female DS and DP HGS, however, HGS for both dominant and non-dominant hands in DP was higher than DS in HEP (p < 0.05), while no significant difference noted for HFP and NHP. Females had the strongest grip in NHP, while males in HFP. HGS influenced by age; DP had stronger grip than DS. In a comparison between male and female DP and DS, males had stronger grip than females across all positions. Hand dominance significantly influences HGS, with the dominant having a stronger hand grip.
The role of physical education in shaping soft skills and self-regulation in senior students: an economic perspective
This study aimed to analyse the impact of physical training on the formation of soft skills and self-regulation in high school students. It examined key competencies such as leadership, communication, emotional intelligence, and self-regulation, using literature analysis, theoretical synthesis, and a review of physical education practices to identify effective methods for skill formation. The study results confirm that various types of physical activity, such as sports, yoga and cycling, contribute to developing leadership, communication and cooperation skills. It highlights how integrating physical exercises and sports into the curriculum fosters independence, stress resilience, and academic success. Analysis of international Eurobarometer data demonstrated a close connection between students' physical activity and their psychological state, improved academic achievement and ability to manage stress. Integrating balanced programmes into the school system can effectively improve the quality of education and develop well-rounded students ready to meet the challenges of modern society. The findings emphasize the need for investments in education that support holistic student development, blending physical, emotional, and social growth. In conclusion, systematic physical education significantly enhances both personal qualities and academic outcomes, with future research needed to design and test innovative programmes focused on students' comprehensive well-being and success.
The role of communication and investment in physical culture and sports as components of a healthy lifestyle
Regular physical exercise is linked to improved health, longevity, and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This study explores the role of communication in promoting a healthy lifestyle through the popularisation of physical culture and sports, and examines the economic impact of such activities. It investigates how communication contributes to promoting a healthy lifestyle through sports and the effectiveness of investments in these areas. The study employed theoretical research methods, including analysis, systematisation, and generalisation of contemporary literature. Sports significantly impact the economies of numerous countries, driving substantial financial investments and employing large workforces. Effective communication is crucial for entrepreneurship in sports, as it enables the creation of strong networks and media engagement, providing essential information for better decision-making. Startups that blend communication and economic strategies have become increasingly popular, with examples like FuboTV, Dream11, and SeatGeek demonstrating success. Investments in professional sports teams are distinctive due to risks such as unpredictable outcomes and fluctuating stock prices. Fans, often small shareholders, tend to prioritize a team’s long-term goals over immediate profit. Additionally, some companies invest in sports not just for financial returns, but also to boost brand recognition and increase product sales.
Development of flexibility in 17–18-year-old Savat boxers
French Savate boxing is growing in popularity in Ukraine, making the study of physical qualities, such as flexibility, essential for athletic success. Flexibility is a critical factor in executing complex, coordinated strikes in Savate. This study aimed to assess the flexibility levels of 17- to 18-year-old Savate boxers and explore methods to enhance it. The research was conducted at Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University in Lutsk with ten healthy students aged 17-18, who had 1-2 years of Savate training experience and voluntarily participated with informed consent. The flexibility of the participants was evaluated using tests for shoulder joint mobility, hip joint mobility, and overall flexibility through specific exercises. The study involved theoretical research, practical assessment, and the implementation of an experimental flexibility training method. The results showed significant improvements (p<0.05) in flexibility specific to Savate boxing, leading to better execution of complex strikes such as Chasse frontal, Chasse lateral, and Chasse tournant during sparring sessions. The findings highlight the importance of targeted flexibility training in improving athletic performance in Savate boxing. This experimental method demonstrated effectiveness and has potential for broader application in the training of Savate fighters.
Analysis of the key drivers affecting the development of small and medium sports businesses
The aim of this study was to analyze the key drivers affecting the development of small and medium-sized sports businesses. The study employed thematic analysis and a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative), collecting data through interviews, library research, and document evaluation. A judgmental sampling method was used to select 17 participants for the qualitative part, including university professors, researchers, and sports business managers, based on their expertise and job history. Data analysis involved a three-stage coding process, with reliability ensured through coding agreement measures. For the quantitative part, a sample of 384 individuals was selected from employees of sports organizations using Cochran's formula. Based on the findings, the key drivers of sports business development include development policies, infrastructure, technical platforms, organizational frameworks, marketing indicators, strategic agility, and individual capabilities. Focusing on these categories can significantly propel the growth and sustainability of sports businesses. By aligning strategic efforts across these areas, sports organizations can enhance their competitive edge and adapt more effectively to the rapidly changing dynamics of the sports industry.
Efficacy of whole-body vibration on balance and motor function in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: A randomized controlled trial
The current study aimed to examine the influence of whole-body vibration (WBV) on balance and motor function in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). This randomized controlled trial (single-blinded) included forty children with OI, aged 8 to 13 years. Two groups with equal numbers were randomly selected; the control group received 40 min. standard program of physical therapy while the WBV group received the identical program as the control group for 20 min. plus 20 min. of WBV training. The program was carried out for all children twice weekly for three successive months. Biodex Balance System was utilized to evaluate the dynamic balance by measuring the stability indices and Gross Motor Function Measure was employed to evaluate the motor function for two groups, pre and post intervention. Following intervention, results showed statistically significant improvements in all evaluated outcomes of both groups, with the favor of WBV group (p< 0.05). Incorporating WBV training into a standard program of physical therapy has a greater effect on dynamic balance and motor function than a standard program of physical therapy only among children with OI.
Effect of whole-body vibration combined with an exercise program in females with chondromalacia: A randomized controlled trial
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of whole-body vibration (WBV) training combined with an exercise program on both pain and quadriceps isometric muscle force in adult females with chondromalacia patellae (CMP). This study employed a randomized controlled design with 40 healthy older female volunteers. Participants were divided into two groups: 20 in the whole-body vibration (WBV) group and 20 in the exercise (EX) group. The WBV group underwent a 4-week WBV training program, 3 times a week, alongside exercise, while the EX group participated in a 4-week exercise program without WBV. Primary outcomes, assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks, included pain intensity measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and quadriceps isometric muscle force measured by a Hand Held Dynamometer. The WBV training group exhibited significantly greater enhancements than the EX-group in terms of mean values and percentage changes in pain intensity and quadriceps isometric muscle force. The addition of WBV to exercise yields significantly superior outcomes compared to exercise training alone in CMP. The observed disparities between the WBV training group and the EX-group underscore the efficacy of WBV as a potent physical therapy intervention for the rehabilitation of CMP patients, particularly in enhancing strength gains and decreasing pain.