SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia (Editum)
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Mapping the landscape of sports law: a bibliometric analysis
The aim of this study was to examine the research field of sports law through bibliometric techniques, highlighting thematic trends, subject focus, and the progression of legal discourse. The study highlights the evolution of sports law into an interdisciplinary domain that intersects governance, health, human rights, and arbitration. The study utilizes bibliometric analysis, drawing on data from the Scopus database spanning 1983 to 2025. VOSviewer facilitates co-occurrence, clustering, and network analysis. It delineates publication patterns, leading countries, major subject areas, and keyword interrelationships to provide a systematic assessment of the field's development. There has been a significant increase in publications since 2010, peaking in 2021 and 2024. The United States and the United Kingdom are the primary contributors, with Social Sciences accounting for the largest share of publications. Four principal thematic clusters emerge: arbitration and fundamental rights, athlete welfare, regulatory governance, and legal issues related to doping and equity. Keyword analysis identifies "sports law" as the central keyword, together with terms such as arbitration, anti-doping, and human rights. The findings aid policymakers, legal scholars, and sports organizations in understanding research trends, supporting informed policymaking, and addressing issues related to doping, discrimination, and athlete rights. This is one of the few comprehensive bibliometric analyses in sports law, connecting academic knowledge with practical legal and societal needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Physical activity training program for obese children
This study aimed to evaluate the physical development of obese children after participating in a physical exercise program at school. The pedagogical experiment involved 188 obese school students (aged 8-10). For 4 months, obese children studied together with children of the basic medical group and performed physical exercises that were feasible for them (stage 1). After the next control measurement, these schoolchildren did physical education for 4 months according to a specially developed program for obese children (stage 2). After stage 1 of physical education classes, obese children grew by 2.8 cm (+2.1%), their weight increased by 1.9 kg (+3.9%), their body mass index improved from 28.6±3.1 to 28.1±3.5 (-1.8%), and vital capacity of the lungs increased by 0.05 l (+4.5%). The difference between the obtained and initial data was not significant (p>0.05), which may indicate the low efficiency of the standard physical education program for obese children. After stage 2, as a result of the experimental program, on average schoolchildren grew by 4.3 cm (+3.1%), and their weight decreased from 51.2±7.9 kg to 47.9±7.7 kg (-6.9%), body mass index improved by 13.8% (p<0.05), and vital capacity of the lungs increased by 16.2% (p<0.05). The results obtained can be used when organizing the process of adaptive physical education for overweight primary school children in general education schools in extracurricular activities or in the system of additional education.
Sport-specific morphological profiles and somatotypes: a comparative analysis of state-level Kabaddi and football Players
This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics and somatotype profiles of state-level Kabaddi and football players, with the goal of identifying sport-specific morphological adaptations. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 24 male athletes (12 Kabaddi, 12 Football; age: 18–25 years) from Rajasthan, India. Standardized ISAK protocols were used to assess anthropometric parameters, and somatotypes were computed via the Heath–Carter method. Group comparisons were performed using independent t-tests, with Bonferroni correction applied for multiple comparisons (α = .0033 for anthropometric variables, α = .01 for somatotype/body composition). Significant between-group differences were observed in endomorphy (p = .001, d = 1.18) and ectomorphy (p = .006, d = 1.24), with football players exhibiting higher values in both components. Kabaddi athletes displayed a more mesomorphic–endomorphic profile, whereas footballers were predominantly mesomorphic–ectomorphic. Additionally, humerus (p = .002, d = 1.59) and femur breadths (p = .002, d = 1.52) were significantly larger in football players. While differences in height, fat-free mass, and triceps skinfold did not reach statistical significance, large effect sizes (d ≥ 0.74) suggest practically meaningful distinctions in physique and body composition. This study reveals distinct somatotype and structural differences between Kabaddi and Football players, underscoring the influence of sport-specific demands on body morphology. These findings support the use of anthropometric profiling in talent identification, performance optimization, and tailored training strategies for athletes in high-intensity sports.
A new field test for the assessment of upper-body anaerobic power and capacity: from health to sport performance
This study aimed to develop and determine the concurrent validity of the maximum interval push-up (MIPU) field test to assess upper-body anaerobic power and capacity. For this purpose, 72 physically active adult men performed either one upper-body Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT; 30 s all-out) or one MIPU test (6 × 6-s all-out: 10-s recovery). The order of the tests was counterbalanced, with a 30-minute rest interval between them. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between variables. In the comparisons of the absolute values (W) obtained in the WAnT with the results of the MIPU test (rep*kg), a very large correlation was observed for peak power (r=0.75, p<0.001), a large correlation for mean power (r=0.62, p<0.001), and a moderate correlation for minimum power (r=0.27, p=0.021). When comparing the relative values (W/kg) obtained in the WAnT test with those of the MIPU test (rep*kg), large correlations were observed for peak power (r=0.57, p<0.001) and mean power (r=0.50, p<0.001). Thus, MIPU appears to be an easy and practical field test for assessing peak and mean upper-body power in adult men, with potential for use in the sports and health sectors.
Effects of deep breathing on dynamic balance in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain
The diaphragm serves a dual role as the primary muscle of respiration and a core muscle that contributes to postural control. It is important to optimize both roles. However, in cases of low back pain (LBP), this optimization is compromised due to alterations in respiratory patterns in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain (CMLBP). The literature has not confirmed whether a deep breathing pattern (DBP) might enhance the diaphragm's postural control function in patients with CMLBP. Primarily, this study investigated whether DBP might improve dynamic balance in patients with CMLBP. Secondarily, it examined differences in dynamic balance between patients and healthy subjects using DBP versus their spontaneous breathing pattern (SBP), as well as the correlation between pain and dynamic balance in the patient group across both breathing patterns. Dynamic balance was assessed in 15 patients with CMLBP and 15 matched healthy subjects during DBP and SBP. Patients with CMLBP significantly improved their dynamic balance when using DBP. However, healthy subjects showed enhanced dynamic balance using either breathing pattern. Furthermore, pain did not significantly correlate with dynamic balance control in the CMLBP group. It is recommended to encourage DBP in patients with CMLBP, as it may enhance dynamic balance, probably by emphasizing the diaphragm's postural role.
Exploring the lived experiences of female collegiate athletes: a basis for policy enhancement
This qualitative case study explored the lived experiences of female collegiate athletes, focusing on challenges in balancing academic and athletic demands, gender stereotypes, and unique coping strategies like prayer and coffee consumption. Through semi-structured interviews with ten athletes from diverse sports, thematic analysis revealed disparities in resource allocation, the critical role of support systems, and the impact of gender biases on performance and well-being. This study highlights the complex and multifaceted experiences of female collegiate athletes, revealing both systemic challenges and personal resilience. Despite facing resource disparities, gender stereotypes, and the pressures of balancing academics and athletics, these athletes demonstrate remarkable strength, often drawing on support systems, mentorship, prayer, and coping strategies like coffee consumption to succeed. The findings call for institutional reforms aimed at promoting equity, well-being, and holistic support for female collegiate athletes, ensuring they have the resources and opportunities necessary to thrive both on and off the field.
Effect of cupping therapy versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the lipid profile in women with diabetes
This study aimed to find out the effect of wet cupping versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on lipid profile and blood sugar in diabetic obese women. Sixty diabetic women took part in this study; their ages ranged from 40 to 60 years, and their Body Mass Index (BMI) ranged from 30 to 34.9 kg/m². They were randomly allocated into two groups; group A received medication and moderate aerobic exercise three times per week for eight weeks, and group B received medication and wet cupping two times at two months. Triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were measured before and after eight weeks at the end of the study. The study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the triglyceride levels (p<0.01). Total cholesterol (p<0.01) and LDL (p<0.05) levels decreased significantly in both groups. HDL levels increased significantly in Group A (p<0.01), whereas no significant increase was observed in Group B (p>0.05). It was that aerobic exercise was more effective than wet cupping therapy on the lipid profile in diabetic women.
Development of a game-based situational training model for volleyball talent identification
The success of Indonesian volleyball in Southeast Asia depends on effective talent development programs that identify and nurture promising athletes. Therefore, a valid and reliable talent identification method is essential for selecting athletes with the potential to achieve high performance. This study aimed to develop and validate a game-based situational training model for volleyball talent identification. The study employed a research and development (R&D) approach combined with an experimental design. The development process followed a ten-step procedural model, including needs analysis, information gathering, product design, expert validation, design revision, product testing, product refinement, field testing, final revision, and product finalization. The participants consisted of 14 male volleyball athletes (aged between 18 and 25 years) and 3 coaches from West Sumatra, Indonesia. The developed model was evaluated for validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the developed training model met the required standards of validity, practicality, and effectiveness, indicating that it is suitable for identifying volleyball talent in game situations. The proposed model provides coaches with a practical and evidence-based tool to support talent identification and athlete development in volleyball.
Associations of BMI and obesity with physical literacy, lung capacity, and cardiorespiratory performance in obese adult women
This study aimed to: (1) assess the level of physical literacy among obese adult women; (2) evaluate their lung capacity and cardiorespiratory performance; and (3) examine the interrelationships among these variables. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 18 obese adult women in Tegal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Participants were assessed for Body Mass Index (BMI), physical literacy using a validated 24-item questionnaire, lung capacity using spirometry, and cardiorespiratory performance using the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). The mean BMI of participants was 31.95±4.26 (Kg/m²), with an average physical literacy score of 76.21±10.01 (moderate level). Lung capacity (FVC) averaged 1.76±0.60 L, and the FEV1/FVC ratio was 82.14±16.63%. Participants completed an average 6MWT distance of 352.08±32.37 meters, indicating reduced cardiorespiratory performance (63.30±6.89% of predicted). Obesity level was significantly correlated with lung capacity, cardiorespiratory performance, and inversely with physical literacy (p<0.05). BMI showed significant negative correlation with physical literacy (p<0.05), but not with lung capacity (p>0.05). Most participants retained normal lung function despite obesity. Obese adult women in this study generally demonstrated moderate physical literacy and average lung and cardiorespiratory function. Obesity level, more than BMI alone, was a stronger predictor of reduced lung capacity and physical performance. Findings highlight the importance of integrating physical literacy into gender-responsive obesity interventions.
Effect of kickboxing training on total sulfhydryl (–SH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels: a comparative study between athletes and sedentary individuals
This study aimed to investigate the impact of kickboxing training on oxidative stress biomarkers, specifically total sulfhydryl (–SH) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels. The study was designed as a quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative investigation. The sample consisted of 45 healthy male university students aged 18–24 years from the Van province, Türkiye. Participants were divided into two groups: kickboxing athletes and sedentary controls. The experimental group (n = 20) consisted of male kickboxing athletes with a minimum of seven years of training experience, ranked among the top three in the Turkish Kickboxing Championship, and currently training at least four days per week. The control group (n = 25) consisted of sedentary male individuals with no history of regular exercise in the past six months, no alcohol or tobacco use, no chronic diseases, and adherence to a balanced diet. Blood samples were analyzed using validated biochemical methods. The results showed significantly higher –SH and lower IMA levels in the kickboxing group (p < 0.05). Effect size analysis indicated large differences for both markers (Cohen’s d = 1.25 for –SH and d = 1.00 for IMA), suggesting that kickboxing training has a substantial impact on oxidative stress parameters. These findings highlight the physiological benefits of regular high-intensity physical activity in promoting cellular resilience and adaptive responses.
The effectiveness of sports massage and cupping against heart rate changes and lactic acid after high-intensity interval training in athletes
Sports massage and cupping are ubiquitous in elite sports and increasingly common at the amateur level but evidence of these interventions has been underreported. The study's aim was to examine the effect of sports massage and cupping on changes in heart rate and lactic acid after high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with three experimental groups (sports massage group, cupping group, and sports massage plus cupping group) and one control group. A total of 40 athletes from East Java, Indonesia, participated. All groups consisted of ten athletes. The results showed that the sports massage intervention was more effective in reducing lactic acid and heart rate than the cupping group, the sports massage plus cupping group, and the control group. The results also indicated that the sports massage and cupping group had the lowest lactic acid and heart rate compared to the other groups (p ≤ 0.001). This study proves that sports massage and cupping was effective to reduce lactic acid and heart rate after high-intensity interval training. Our findings may contribute to helping guide coaches and athletes about the benefits of sports massage and cupping and provide information for incorporating sports massage and cupping into training and competition.
Associations between reaction time, explosive strength, and agility in university athletes
This study aimed to examine the relationships among explosive strength, agility, and reaction time in athletes enrolled at the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this context, the participants' explosive strength, reaction time, and agility parameters were measured using standardized protocols. The study sample consisted of 120 active athletes (68 males and 52 females), aged between 18 and 30, who were studying at Bartın University Faculty of Sports. All participants were actively engaged in various sports disciplines, participated in competitions, and trained in their respective branches at least three times per week. Based on the findings, a statistically significant moderate negative correlation was found between agility and reaction time in male athletes (r = –.262, p < 0.05), a strong negative correlation between explosive strength and agility (r = –.595, p < 0.01), and a moderate negative correlation between reaction time and explosive strength (r = –.520 to –.594, p < 0.05). In female athletes, a statistically significant strong positive correlation was observed between agility and reaction time, as well as between agility and explosive strength (r = .354, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that agility is closely linked to both reaction time and explosive strength, especially among female athletes, and highlight the need for integrated training approaches.
The role of women in Taekwondo: a literature review
This literature review aimed to examine the role of women in sport, with a particular focus on Taekwondo, and to provide an analytical overview of the position of female athletes within contemporary sport contexts. The findings of the reviewed literature highlighted persistent gender inequalities, including limited access to opportunities, underrepresentation in leadership roles, and the continuation of gender-based stereotypes that affect women's participation and performance. At the same time, the review identified significant progress achieved through institutional and legislative initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality in sport. These include policies designed to enhance women's participation, ensure equal opportunities, and challenge discriminatory practices. Furthermore, the study emphasized the evolving and transformative role of women in sport, as evidenced by the increasing participation rates and notable athletic achievements in recent years. Despite this progress, structural and cultural barriers remain. Overall, the findings suggest that while important steps have been taken toward gender equality, continued efforts are required at policy, institutional, and societal levels. This study contributes to the advancement of gender equality in sport by synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting the need for sustained and targeted interventions.
Esports and cognitive function enhancement in lower secondary school students: a long-term experimental study
This study examined the effectiveness of an educational protocol focused on eSports in enhancing cognitive skills, such as reaction speed, visual-motor reflexes, selective and sustained attention, and working memory, in a large sample of lower secondary school students. The study involved 1,200 lower secondary school students aged 11–14 years (mean age = 12.1 ± 0.9), recruited from ten Italian schools and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 600) and a control group (n = 600), with stratification by gender, academic performance, and socio-economic background. The experimental group participated in a structured programme of recreational and educational activities based on esports for four months, with weekly sessions aimed at enhancing specific cognitive functions (e.g. attention, memory, reaction) and social and interpersonal skills (inclusion, emotional regulation, cooperation), while the control group continued with their normal educational activities, carrying out standard curricular activities. The four-month intervention was evaluated using a mixed methodology that combined standardised psychometric tests with qualitative survey tools, including semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and feedback from teachers and parents. Quantitative results showed significant improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Qualitative results highlighted increased concentration, inclusiveness, motivation, and perceived well-being. Overall, the analysis suggests that esports can be an effective educational tool, capable of integrating cognitive and socio-emotional training and stimulating the use of digital technology in teaching.
The relationship between psychophysiological indicators and hormonal levels in elite wrestlers
This experimental study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychophysiological characteristics and the levels of the testosterone and cortisol hormones in elite athletes. Twenty elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (aged 20–33 years) from the Ukrainian national team participated in the study, with a total of 40 examinations conducted. The athletes had experience competing at World, European, and Olympic Championships. The concentration of testosterone and cortisol was determined in blood serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ChemWell (Awareness Technology, USA). Psychophysiological parameters were investigated using the "NS-Psychotest" computer system for psychophysiological evaluation, developed by Ukrmedspectr in Ukraine. A correlation analysis between the obtained endocrine and neurodynamic indicators showed a significant relationship (p<0.05) between testosterone levels and complex visual-motor reactions, cortisol levels, and the number of reactions delayed in the test of response to a moving object. For further analysis, athletes were divided into two groups according to the speed of sensorimotor response. The groups significantly differed (p<0.05) in the level of complex visual-motor reactions but did not significantly differ in simple reaction-time tests (p>0.05). In addition, differences in hormone levels between these groups were found. Thus, athletes with a better complex visual-motor reaction had significantly higher testosterone levels and lower cortisol levels. Research on the relationship between hormonal and psychophysiological markers may improve athlete monitoring and enable early detection of excessive stress responses.
An educational workshop on sport as a tool for cultural enhancement in Italian lower secondary schools
This experimental study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a cricket-based sports workshop designed to promote the educational and cultural inclusion of students of Sri Lankan origin in an Italian lower secondary school. The study involved 60 students (aged 12–13 years) enrolled in two second-year classes of a public lower secondary school in Emilia-Romagna, equally divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Each group included 15 students of Sri Lankan origin and 15 Italian or other students, ensuring balanced cultural composition. The experimental group participated in a six-week intercultural sports workshop based on cricket (12 sessions, 18 hours total), while the control group followed the regular physical education curriculum without specific intercultural content. A mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) was adopted, combining standardised questionnaires assessing school belonging, ethnic identity and peer relationships with semi-structured interviews and systematic observations. The results indicate significant improvements in the experimental group (p<0.05) in terms of sense of belonging to the school, perception of cultural identity, and quality of peer relationships, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group (p>0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that integrating culturally meaningful sports activities into school-based educational programmes can be an effective strategy for fostering social cohesion, intercultural dialogue and inclusive school climates, benefiting both students from migrant backgrounds and the wider school community.
The importance of peripheral vision in young football players: a mixed-methods study conducted in a sports club in Naples
The study evaluated the effectiveness of a visual-motor training program with interactive lights (Le Reactiva) in enhancing peripheral vision, physical self-efficacy, and collaboration in young soccer players (aged 8–16). Using a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design, 100 athletes were assigned to an experimental group (n = 50; training with lights) and a control group (n = 50; traditional training) for 12 weeks (3 sessions/week, 60 minutes), with activities differentiated by age group (8–10; 11–16). Quantitative measures included a peripheral reactivity test based on Le Reactiva, the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale for Children (PSES), and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ). The analysis showed a marked improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group: a 15–20% reduction in reaction time to peripheral stimuli (vs. <5% in the control group), an increase in physical self-efficacy of approximately +0.6 points on a scale of 1–5 (vs. +0.1), and an increase in team cohesion (YSEQ) in both the task component (+0.5) and the social component (+0.4) (vs. +0.1–0.2). Repeated measures ANOVA confirmed significant differences between groups for all variables (p < .01), while the group × age group interaction was not significant (p > .05), suggesting a cross-sectional effectiveness of the intervention in the two groups considered. Qualitative data converge in describing greater spatial awareness, decision-making speed, motivation, and cohesion in the experimental group. Overall, training with interactive lights appears to be a promising strategy for integrating perceptual-motor development and psychosocial dimensions into youth soccer training programs.
Ultrasonic transdermal insulin therapy: a strategy to improve wound healing and support physical performance in diabetic patients
The aim of this study was to establish the impact of Transdermal Insulin Therapy in patients with chronic diabetic wound. This double blinded randomized control trial study involved 40 (12 female and 28 male) patients with stage II-III of chronic diabetic foot wound. The patients in the intervention group (I) were subjected, besides Transdermal Insulin Therapy, to Hyperpolarized light therapy and Standard wound cleaning and dressing. Hyperpolarized light therapy and Standard wound cleaning and dressing (standard treatment) were the treatment that were used in the control group (C). All patients were assessed before treatment initiation and then weekly for four consecutive weeks. Post-treatment revealed significant reductions in DIMST score IV (MD=-2.9, effect size=0.79) and DIMST score V (MD=-2.95, effect size=0.81) of the study group in comparison to the control group (p<0.01). Comparing within groups, in the intervention group there was a substantial reduction in score V in comparison with score I, II, III and IV (p<0.001), a substantial reduction in score IV in comparison with score I, II and III (p<0.001), a substantial reduction in score III in comparison with score I and II (p<0.001) and a substantial reduction in score II in comparison with score I (p<0.001). The Transdermal Insulin Therapy by ultrasound has a significant effect on wound healing and supports the physical performance of chronic diabetic foot wound patients, and it should be considered in future treatment plans for diabetic wounds.
Nutrition, physical activity, and quality of life among students of the Faculty of Education at Milagro State University: a cluster analysis
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between eating habits, physical activity, and perceived quality of life in university students. The sample consisted of 200 randomly selected students between the ages of 18 and 30. Data collection took place in classrooms. Three main instruments were administered: the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to measure quality of life; a brief food frequency questionnaire to record weekly consumption of fruits, vegetables, and ultra-processed foods; and a weekly physical activity log in minutes. Anthropometric measurements were also calculated. The results revealed three profiles: a high-risk cluster (35%), characterized by high BMI, low fruit and vegetable consumption, high intake of ultra-processed foods, and low physical activity; an intermediate cluster (40%), with mixed habits and average quality of life; and a healthy cluster (25%), comprised of students with better eating habits, higher levels of physical activity, and higher perceived quality of life. These findings highlight the need to implement health promotion programs within the university context, aimed at strengthening healthy eating habits and increasing physical activity.
Correlation between low back pain and disability among physical therapy students at Horus University, Egypt: A cross-sectional study
Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability and has been associated with several factors, including postural habits, physical inactivity, and psychosocial factors among university students. The precise cause of LBP is often difficult to find, with activity imbalance and postural changes being common contributors. Students in healthcare-related fields are particularly susceptible to LBP. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between LBP and disability among physical therapy students at Horus University, Egypt. A total of 200 physical therapy students (59% females and 41% males), aged 20 to 25 years enrolled in the current study, at Horus University, Egypt.. To measure pain and functional level, both Acute LBP Screening Questionnaire (ALBPSQ) and Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire (ODI) were used. The current study revealed that there was a moderate correlation between ALBPSQ score and ODI score (p<0.05). Also, there was a moderate correlation between pain intensity in terms of VAS (Visual Analog Scale) score and dysfunction level in terms of ODI (p<0.05). The findings highlight the relationship between pain intensity and functional impairment in physical therapy students with LBP. Universities and healthcare institutions might consider implementing policies that promote better posture, regular physical activity, and ergonomic practices to reduce the incidence of LBP among students.
The role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport in sports governance: legal trends and future challenges
The aim of this study was to examine the role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in sports governance, focusing on legal trends and future challenges. The study adopted a qualitative doctrinal and descriptive research design to examine the role of CAS in contemporary sports governance. The research focused on analysing the evolution, legal framework, jurisdiction, and emerging challenges of CAS as the leading institution for the resolution of international sports disputes. CAS has played a significant role in resolving international sports disputes by providing a specialised arbitration mechanism that ensures efficiency, neutrality, and legal certainty. It has evolved into a forum for the adjudication of sports-related disputes, ranging from doping violations and contractual disagreements to governance and disciplinary issues. Nowadays, sports-related disputes have increased considerably due to the commercialisation of sport, and CAS faces increasingly complex legal challenges in resolving such disputes. However, CAS also faces important concerns regarding the independence and impartiality of its arbitrators, as these aspects have been questioned by claims that CAS tends to favour governing bodies over individual athletes. The future effectiveness of CAS will depend on its ability to strengthen stakeholder confidence through greater transparency, enhanced procedural safeguards, broader accessibility, and continued efforts to preserve institutional independence.
The impact of sport-based extracurricular activities on student engagement and academic achievement among Vietnamese students
This study investigated the impact of sport-based extracurricular activities on student engagement and academic achievement among Vietnamese university students, addressing a gap in localized research. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 300 students and 60 faculty members across four universities. Quantitative data, derived from a student engagement questionnaire, grade point average (GPA) records, and participation surveys, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analyses. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 20 students and 10 faculty members were analyzed thematically. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between sports participation and engagement (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with academic achievement (r = 0.35, p < 0.05), with engagement and sports participation explaining 32% of the variance in GPA (R² = 0.32). Qualitative findings highlighted enhanced motivation, social connectedness, and institutional barriers, such as limited facilities, as key factors. These results align with motivation theories, emphasizing the role of sports in fulfilling students’ needs for competence and relatedness. The study underscores the potential of sport-based extracurricular activities to enhance student outcomes in Vietnamese higher education, while highlighting the need for improved institutional support to overcome barriers.
Physical activity and exercise rehabilitation in pediatric cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study among physiotherapists in Kosovo and Albania
To improve physical functional capacity in people with cerebral palsy (CP), the rehabilitation workforce must be proficient in exercise physiology and load management, ensuring that interventions are both evidence-based and participation-focused. Currently, empirical data on the clinical preparedness and practice patterns remain scarce in the Southeast European region. To address this issue, this cross-sectional survey examined professional training, clinical experience, and use of standardized physical activity assessments among 202 licensed physiotherapists in Kosovo and Albania (113 females, 55.9%; 89 males, 44.1%; mean age 29.7±7.0 years). The study utilized a structured questionnaire specifically designed to reflect local cultural and professional contexts. Results showed limited participation in specialized neurodevelopmental training and inconsistent use of validated assessment frameworks in both Kosovo (74.0%) and Albania (76.5%), with no biological sex differences. Recognition of ≥ 3 early clinical signs was significantly higher in Kosovo compared to Albania (80.0% vs. 64.7%, p=0.007). The use of early diagnostic tools was reported more frequently in Albania than in Kosovo (49.0% vs. 33.0%, p=0.021), with a significant sex difference observed only in Albania (p=0.005, φ=0.277; moderate effect), where females reported greater use. To improve health trajectories, future initiatives must focus on competency in loan management and motor learning. Implementing participation-focused exercise through interdisciplinary collaboration represents a vital strategy for evolving CP rehabilitation into proactive, physical activity centered model.
Regional sports development framework based on local socio-cultural potential and demographics in Aceh, Indonesia
This study aimed to develop a sports coaching framework based on local socio-cultural and demographic potential in Aceh, Indonesia. The study used the Richey & Klein design and development model with five stages: needs analysis, design, development and validation, implementation and evaluation, and revision and dissemination. A total of 360 respondents participated, including officials from the youth and sports office, sports practitioners, coaches, and athletes. The main findings of the study resulted in a new model of regional sports development framework which is a recommendation for regional sports coaching in Aceh Province to increase competitiveness at the national level and the contribution of athletes in the national team. This model can be adopted in other regions with similar characteristics, particularly in Indonesia. It offers a new contribution to the literature by emphasizing the role of local socio-cultural and demographic factors in regional sports development. The proposed sports coaching framework is flexible and can support future sports development, especially in developing countries that face challenges in competing in popular sports such as football. It encourages a shift in focus toward sports with higher potential for success in individual events, based on local socio-cultural and demographic contexts, thereby enhancing opportunities for international achievement.
Enhancing educational support through sports-inspired engagement: exploring factors impacting teacher commitment in special needs schools
Teacher engagement in special needs schools is pivotal to the delivery of inclusive, equitable, and high-quality education. This study investigated the multidimensional factors influencing teacher engagement by examining the roles of experience, training, collaboration, Sports involvement, and school resources in special education settings. Utilizing a sample of 850 teachers involved in educational support during the Athens Marathon from 2018 to 2022, the study employed the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test five hypotheses. Results indicated that teacher experience (β = 0.27, p < 0.001), training (β = 0.31, p < 0.001), and collaboration (β = 0.25, p < 0.001) significantly influence student outcomes and teacher satisfaction, while sports involvement and resource availability emerge as critical factors in enhancing emotional development and job contentment. Despite initial model limitations, a refined SEM model offers improved explanatory power, reinforcing the need for adaptive frameworks in assessing teacher motivation and satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance of systemic support, professional development, and stakeholder collaboration in sustaining effective educational practices in special needs environments.
Examining the relationship between social appearance anxiety, self-confidence, and fitness tendency in sedentary individuals
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social appearance anxiety and self-confidence levels among sedentary individuals participating in fitness activities and to evaluate the findings through comparative analysis. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 255 participants, including 90 males and 165 females, who attended fitness centers in different provinces during the 2024–2025 period. The study utilized a demographic information form, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, and the Self-Confidence Scale. The results indicated that as social appearance anxiety increased, internal self-confidence, external self-confidence, and total self-confidence decreased (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in internal self-confidence, external self-confidence, total self-confidence, or social appearance anxiety scores according to age and gender variables (p>0.05). While no significant differences were found in internal self-confidence, external self-confidence, and total self-confidence scores according to education level (p>0.05), a significant difference was found in social appearance anxiety scores (p<0.05). In addition, no significant differences were found in internal self-confidence, external self-confidence, total self-confidence, or social appearance anxiety scores according to weekly training frequency (p>0.05). In conclusion, this study found a moderate negative relationship between social appearance anxiety and internal, external, and total self-confidence among sedentary individuals.
Attitude scale toward traditional children’s motor games: a validity and reliability study
The aim of this study was to develop a scale that can validly and reliably measure students' attitudes towards traditional children's motor games. While developing the scale, an item pool was created, expert opinion was taken, a preliminary application was made and then validity and reliability studies were conducted. At first, an item pool was created with 31 students. Afterwards, a preliminary application was made on a group of 15 or 20 people. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted with 795 participants, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted with 392 participants. A valid and reliable measurement tool was developed based on the responses of a total of 1,187 participants. As a result of EFA, it was determined that the final scale consisted of 20 items and 2 sub-dimensions named as Positive Attitudes and Negative Attitudes, and this structure was confirmed by CFA. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were calculated as .95 for the Positive Attitudes sub-dimension, .91 for the Negative Attitudes sub-dimension and .95 for the whole scale. As a result, the findings show that the developed scale can measure students' attitudes towards traditional children's motor games in a valid and reliable way.
Socio-pedagogical dynamics in boxing education: an in-depth examination of course content, teaching methodologies, and students’ satisfaction
This study aimed to explore students’ satisfaction with boxing education courses. The study involved 98 sixth-semester university students and examined both the current level of course outcomes and students’ expectations regarding the courses. Students’ expectations and satisfaction levels were measured using a five-point Likert scale, and mean values were calculated to compare the results. The study was designed using two independent variables—course content and teaching methodologies—and one dependent variable, namely students’ satisfaction. In the first stage, the study identified the gap between students’ expectations and their actual learning experiences in boxing education courses. The findings revealed a statistically significant gap between students’ expectations and their actual experiences regarding course content and teaching methodologies (p<.05). Furthermore, students’ satisfaction was found to be directly associated with both course content and teaching methodologies (p<.05). The study concludes that boxing education courses require a redesign of their course content to make it more student-oriented, together with the implementation of teaching methodologies that effectively complement the course objectives and enhance students’ learning experiences.
Investigation of e-sports attitudes among prospective physical education and sports teachers
This study aimed to examine the e-sports attitudes of prospective physical education and sports teachers. A total of 304 participants, including 154 (50.7%) females and 150 (49.3%) males, with a mean age of X̄ = 21.17±2.10, studying in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching at three different state universities, were included in the study. A Personal Information Form developed by the researchers and the “E-Sports Attitude Scale” were used to assess e-sports attitudes. According to the study results, a statistically significant difference was found in mean e-sports attitude scores according to the gender variable (p<0.05). It was determined that there were no statistically significant differences in mean e-sports attitude scores according to class level (p>0.05). However, statistically significant differences were observed in mean e-sports attitude scores based on the duration of gameplay (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was found that males exhibited more positive attitudes toward e-sports, grade level did not significantly affect e-sports attitudes, and participants' attitudes toward e-sports became more positive as gameplay duration increased. Future studies may consider exploring other demographic factors influencing e-sports attitudes, which are expected to contribute further to the literature.
Analysis of agility, speed and power values in young football players
The present study aimed to investigate agility, speed and power values in football players in terms of gender and age. For this purpose, measurement results of a total of 208 football players aged between 12 and 16 years were evaluated. A statistically significant difference was found between jump, agility, speed and power values of football players in terms of gender (p<0.001). A significant difference was found in jump, agility, speed and power values of male football players in terms of age (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in agility values of female football players in terms of age (p>0.05), but there was a significant difference in jump, sprint and power values (p<0.001). Vertical jump values of football players showed positive correlation with anaerobic and aerobic power values and negative correlation with agility, 10- and 20-metre run time and fat percentage (p<0.001). The positive correlation of fat percentage with agility test, 10- and 20-metre run values was significant (p<0.001). Speed, agility and power values of male football players were higher than those of female football players. An increase was observed in these values with increasing age. It is recommended to carry out studies to increase the agility of female football players with the increase in age.
Analysis of the Aiken Index of the rhythmic gymnastics skills test model in beginner athletes (Indonesian version)
This study aimed to determine the Aiken validity index of the rhythmic gymnastics skill tests model for beginner athletes in the Indonesian version developed. The validation of the assessment model for rhythmic gymnastics skill tests for beginner athletes (Indonesian version) was conducted using expert judgment involving nine experts. The experts were selected based on the criteria of gymnastics lecturers, gymnastics referees, early childhood experts, and measurement and testing experts. The qualitative data collection stage used the Delphi technique. The results of the Aiken’s V analysis were compared with the minimum acceptable criteria in the Aiken’s V table (1985) for nine raters, with a maximum score of 4 and a 0.5% level of significance, resulting in a critical value of 0.75. Based on the results, the average value of all indicators in the rhythmic gymnastics skills test for beginner athletes (Indonesian version) is 0.859; therefore, the instrument meets the high standard of Aiken’s validity criteria. In conclusion, the rhythmic gymnastics skill test instrument for beginner athletes (Indonesian version) has acceptable validity and can be used to assess the rhythmic gymnastics skills of beginner athletes.
Prevalence, risk factors of forward head posture and its health consequences on physical outcomes among the adult population in Saudi Arabia
This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and health consequences associated with forward head posture (FHP) among Saudi Arabia's adult population. The authors screened 533 adult males using a photographic technique to calculate the craniovertebral angle (CVA), and used direct questions to determine the average screen time per day, the existence of neck pain, and the average number of pain attacks. Body composition was indicated by body mass index (BMI). The numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) assessed the average neck pain intensity. Of the 533 participants, 211 (39%) demonstrated a CVA of 48° or less, indicating FHP. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between screen time exposure and the value of CVA (r=-.651; p<.001). Similarly, a statistically significant positive correlation existed between BMI and FHP (r= -.470; p<.001). The existence of pain, its intensity, and the average number of attacks were statistically significantly correlated with the CVA (Rpb= -.692; p<.001). (r=-.621; p<.001). (r=-.801; p<.001), respectively. In conclusion, FHP is a common neck problem among adult males in Saudi Arabia. Reducing exposure to smart screens and optimizing body composition could reduce the incidence of FHP and subsequent neck pain.
Examining the relationship between taekwondo coaches' attitudes towards coaching and their self-esteem
This study aimed to examine the relationship between taekwondo coaches’ attitudes toward the coaching profession and their self-esteem. The sample consisted of a total of 106 coaches, including 31 females (29.2%) and 75 males (70.8%). In addition to a demographic information questionnaire developed by the researchers, the “Attitude Scale Toward the Coaching Profession”, and the “Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale” and adapted into Turkish were used. The research was conducted using a relational survey model. Since the data did not show a normal distribution according to the statistical analyses, non-parametric statistical methods were employed. Research findings revealed that there is a positive and moderately significant relationship between self-esteem and attitudes towards the coaching profession (p<0.05). This shows that coaches with high self-esteem develop more positive attitudes towards their profession, and this situation is related to multidimensional psychosocial variables such as professional motivation, communication skills, leadership qualities, and general life satisfaction. The fact that female coaches exhibit more positive results, particularly in the behavioral attitude dimension, also raises the need for more in-depth analysis of gender roles. Such findings highlight the fact that the coaching profession should be based not only on technical knowledge but also on psychological and social dimensions.
Mental strategies and well-being: the dynamics of superstition and obsessive thoughts in team and individual athletes
This study aimed to examine the effects of psychological dynamics, particularly superstitions (repetitive thoughts or behaviors) and obsessions (lucky symbols, rituals), on the subjective well- being (mental health and overall satisfaction) of individuals engaged in team and individual sports. The research used a cross-sectional design. A total of 373 athletes (177 females, 196 males) participated in the study. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 35, with a mean age of 23.7 years. The average sports experience was 7.4 years. Data collection tools included the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire, the Attitudes Towards Superstitious Behavior in Sports Scale, and the Subjective Well-Being Scale. The results revealed statistically significant differences in superstition levels, obsessive beliefs, and subjective well-being between team and individual athletes (p<0.05). The effects of superstition and obsession levels on subjective well-being were also identified. These findings suggest that athletes' mental dynamics may differ depending on the type of sport, and these dynamics can have significant impacts on their subjective well-being.
The effect of social anxiety on the mental well-being of sport sciences students
This study aimed to examine the impact of social anxiety levels on the mental well-being of students of Sport Sciences. The research was conducted using a relational survey model and involved 253 students enrolled in the Faculty of Sport Sciences at a public university in the Aegean region of Turkey. Data were collected through a personal information form, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, and analyzed using SPSS. The findings indicate that social anxiety can affect students' academic and athletic performance. However, no direct significant relationship was found between social anxiety and mental well-being (p>0.05). Nonetheless, it was determined that students who actively engage in sports exhibit lower levels of social anxiety and higher levels of mental well-being (p<0.05). Additionally, variables such as department of study, academic year, and living arrangements were found to have varying effects on mental well-being. In conclusion, physical activity contributes positively to students’ psychological health, and the impact of social anxiety on mental well-being appears to be indirect.
Integrating basketball skills learning into mathematics: an innovative model to improve skills and performance
Basketball skills learning has focused more on physical and technical aspects without considering quantitative analysis-based approaches such as mathematics, which can provide a deeper understanding of movement strategies and effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and test the effectiveness of a mathematics-based basketball skills learning model to improve students' understanding of movement concepts and playing performance. It used a research and development (R&D) method with a quasi-experimental approach, involving students as research subjects and measuring the model's effectiveness through validity tests, practicality, and improvement of student skills before and after implementing the model. The results of the effectiveness test of the learning model through pretest and posttest showed increased skills in three main aspects: dribbling, passing, and shooting. In dribbling skills, the percentage of achievement increased from 12.84% in the pretest to 20.86% in the posttest. Passing experienced a substantial increase from 27.26% to 41.92%, while shooting also increased from 4.11% to 9.11%. These results indicate that the applied math-based learning model improves students' basic basketball skills. Developing a mathematics-based learning model in basketball positively contributes to the effectiveness of sports skills learning, so it is recommended to be applied in the physical education curriculum to improve students' cognitive understanding and motor skills.
Tactical games and action-research models for skill development in youth football
In the football context, the Tactical Games Model (TGM) emerges as an innovative approach that integrates technical and tactical learning through realistic game situations. Despite the fact that the TGM is widely used in physical education to develop students' tactical and decision-making skills, its use in the training of young footballers is still limited. This study employed a quasi-experimental design (non-randomized) to evaluate the effectiveness of a new methodological approach, TGM, compared to action research, in improving learning and the development of key competences related to technical-tactical performance in football. The sample included 40 young footballers between the ages of 11 and 13, divided into an Experimental Group (EG) and a Control Group (CG), with equal distribution based on age and experience. Using an action-research approach, the EG followed the TGM while the CG followed a traditional approach. Two distinct 9-month training protocols were implemented. Performance was evaluated using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI), administered before and after the intervention. The EG benefited significantly from the TGM approach, with a significant increase in total scores, from a pre-test average of 15.25 to a post-test average of 22.45. Statistical analysis confirmed the difference between groups (p = .00026). This study shows that TGM represents a promising methodology for the development of technical-tactical skills in young footballers.
Development of basic pencak silat e-book teaching materials based on OBE
The study presented the development of an Outcome-Based Education (OBE)-based pencak silat e-book as a learning media for coaching education students. The materials included a discussion on the history of pencak silat, followed by core content on basic pencak silat techniques, starting from basic stances, hand attacks, blocks, dodges, kicks, catches, sweeps and takedowns, falls, to step patterns, all explained in detail based on OBE principles. The population of this study was students of the 2022 cohort who took the pencak silat course at Universitas Negeri Medan, totaling 93 students. This study employed the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) development model. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentation. The small-group test results showed a percentage value of 87% with a very good category. The large-group test results showed an average overall assessment score of 86%, also in the very good category. The research results obtained show that the OBE-based e-book teaching media for pencak silat courses that was developed is suitable for use as a teaching medium.
Time to labor market entry and characteristics of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences graduates in sports management positions
The importance of sports in today's society has increased the demand for professionals in this field. Graduates in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (CCAFYDE) play various roles, including teaching and sports management. The aim of this study was to analyze the time it takes for CCAFYDE graduates to access management positions and to examine their working conditions. The sample consisted of university graduates in CCAFYDE, with 694 members (68.3% men, 31.3% women), representing 3.7% of all registered members in 2023. The study results showed that most of these professionals secured their first job in less than a year, although only 28.5% achieved stable employment during that time. Networking was key for 45.8% of respondents in their job search. Regarding salaries, most earn between €1,001 and €1,500 per month, suggesting a need to improve working conditions in this sector. A degree in CCAFYDE is essential for accessing these positions, highlighting the importance of academic qualifications and networking in professional careers.
The role of motivational support in shaping the training activity of young athletes
This study analyzed modern approaches to motivating young athletes based on Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, Dweck’s growth mindset theory, and Wallerand’s concepts of motivational profiling. Particular attention was paid to a critical analysis of traditional training methods that focus mainly on physical fitness and technical skills, often ignoring the specific psychological needs of young athletes. It is shown that effective motivation of athletes goes beyond a simple desire to win and includes intrinsic motivation, social and emotional competencies, psychological stability and creative thinking. A comparative analysis of international practices of working with talented young athletes, in particular the successful experience of the Scandinavian countries, was carried out. The influence of socio-economic factors on the development of sports talents and the problem of inequality of opportunities for children from low-income families was investigated. The modern possibilities of using digital technologies, adaptive learning and artificial intelligence to personalize the training process are considered. The importance of professional development of coaches and the need for their training to work with talented young athletes are emphasized. The study indicated the need to develop comprehensive motivational support programs that would take into account the individual needs of each athlete and contribute to the formation of a competitive generation of national sport.
Pedagogical innovation in Physical Education: a systematic review of the implementation of mindfulness in Primary Education
This study addresses pedagogical innovation in Physical Education by conducting a systematic review of the implementation of mindfulness in Primary Education. The main objective was to analyse how mindfulness practice is being introduced at this school stage. A systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out using the Scopus and WOS databases. The selected articles were examined in order to identify the practical experiences of mindfulness in primary school classes, the geographical areas where it is being implemented, and the benefits obtained through this practice. The results show a certain scarcity of interventions, that the implementation of mindfulness has been carried out mainly in upper primary grades, in the same way, in the area of Spain, and has proven to be effective in improving attention, reducing stress and promoting a positive school environment.
Didactic principles from alternative sports: the voice of educators working in non-formal settings
Alternative sporting events arise from adaptations of traditional disciplines or as a result of natural processes of creativity and innovation. They are generally practiced in unconventional settings and spaces, both outdoors and indoors. Despite their growing popularity, there is still limited research on the role of educators who guide and facilitate these disciplines. The aim of this study was to explore the didactic principles of alternative sports events in non-formal spaces from the perspective of educators. A qualitative, phenomenological-hermeneutic study design was used. The sample consisted of nine educators from nine different alternative sports. An adapted interview script was developed and validated for this purpose. Data analysis was conducted in the following stages: transcription, coding, and categorisation. The findings highlight the conditions and specific characteristics of didactic implementation, methodological recommendations for integration into formal educational settings, and their contribution to holistic education, particularly in terms of values development. The conditions in which alternative sports are developed differ from those of traditional sports, and their inclusion in educational settings can serve as a complement to the national curriculum. The didactic practice of educators emerges from a holistic framework with a strong emphasis on value transmission.
Characteristics of regular exercise habits among people in the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam
This study aimed to analyze and compare the characteristics of sports participation behavior among mountainous populations in the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of Vietnam. A sociological survey method was employed to examine and compare physical exercise habits across these regions, focusing on exercise level, temporal characteristics (time and frequency), types and forms of physical activity, as well as participants’ awareness of the meaning and benefits of physical exercise. The total sample comprised 3,429 participants, including 1,842 males and 1,587 females. The research results indicated that the proportion of mountainous populations regularly engaging in physical exercise was relatively similar across the three regions. Participants in all regions tended to practice both modern and traditional sports. However, the content of physical exercise showed statistically significant differences among the regions (p<0.05). In addition, the majority of respondents demonstrated positive and stable motivations for engaging in physical activity. Their perceptions of the meaning and benefits of physical exercise also varied significantly across regions. These findings highlight important considerations for the development and promotion of physical activity programs among mountainous populations in Vietnam.
Difference in balance ability levels in children with Down syndrome compared to those with typical development
Children with Down Syndrome (DS) experience motor delays due to muscle weakness and hypotonia, especially on the lower extremities. These impairments affect their general physical health and ability to perform daily activities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability to perform motor activities that involve keeping the balance of a group of children with DS. This study included 60 children aged 6 to 12 years: 30 with Down syndrome and 30 with typical development. The children were evaluated using the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). The scale includes 14 balance-related tasks, each scored from 0 points (lowest function) to 4 points (highest function). The results showed significantly lower scores in children with DS across all assessed activities (p<0.01). The most significant difficulties were detected in tasks such as standing with eyes closed, standing with feet together, standing with one foot in front, standing on one foot, placing alternate foot on stool (p<0.01). They only exception was the standing unsupported test, which had no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Children with DS performed lower abilities in achieving balance skills compared to typically developing peers. This highlights the need for tailored interventions to improve balance abilities in children with DS.
Service encounter in low-cost fitness centres: A comparative study according to different sociodemographic variables
Previous studies have analyzed the influence of service encounter on traditional variables in the literature, such as perceived value or repurchase intention, showing influence effects on both (direct and indirect, respectively). However, studies analyzing the differences in the perception of this variable depending on socio-demographic aspects are scarce in fitness centers. For this reason, this research was conducted to analyze the differences in users' perception of service encounter according to gender, membership length, and the typology of users. Data sampling was performed using an online questionnaire that was surveyed to a total of 263 users from three different low-cost fitness centers. The questionnaire was made by several different scales (among which was the service encounter scale included), as well as several sociodemographic questions. Answers to the survey were collected using Limesurvey and analyzed using JASP statistical software. According to the results, significant differences were found by sex and membership length of the users, as well as by the type of user (p<0.05). Future research should use longitudinal designs to better understand the influence of seniority and experience on this variable.
Effect of physical activity levels and physical self-concept in bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review
The present paper conducted a systematic review to examine the scientific evidence on the effect of bullying and cyberbullying on physical activity practice and physical self-concept. Following the PRISMA methodology, 4 databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO—were consulted, obtaining a total of 157 studies. After the process, 20 studies involving 213,197 participants (46.4% males and 53.6% females) were included. The average prevalence was 21.9% for bullying and 13.7% for cyberbullying. Most studies found that increased physical activity practice, especially vigorous activity with high levels of enjoyment, reduced the likelihood of being a victim of bullying and cyberbullying. However, certain types of activities, such as football and athletics, showed a higher propensity for bullying behaviors. Regarding physical self-concept, being overweight, obese, or having a negative body perception was associated with increased victimization by bullying and cyberbullying. Regular physical activity can contribute to a positive physical self-concept and intrinsic motivation towards exercise. In conclusion, regular practice of physical activity, especially of vigorous intensity, appears to have a protective effect against bullying and cyberbullying, while a negative physical self-concept may increase the risk of victimization.
The mobile learning technique for measuring internal intensity in recreational basketball
Coaches seek to identify the task constraints that compel players to exert greater effort to enhance performance. This empirical, cross-sectional study, conducted using a single-case manipulative strategy, compared the internal intensities elicited by different tasks (i.e., 1 vs. 1, 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, 4 vs. 4, and 5 vs. 5) in recreational basketball using a mobile learning technique during a session of increasing complexity. In addition, perceived effort was analysed. It involved 59 players (34 boys and 25 girls; mean age = 14.61±1.78 years) from a public institution in the southwest of Spain. Intensities measured included heart rate, monitored via smartphones, and perceived effort, assessed using a pictorial-curvilinear scale. The correlation between both measures of intensities was calculated using Pearson's correlation, revealing positive correlations in the training tasks (p<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in heart rate between the 3vs.3 in ½ court and 4vs.4 with space repetition compared to the 5vs.5 game. Both tasks should be incorporated in training as they elicited physiological demands similar to those in a competition situation.
Development and validation of a standardized assessment instrument for discus throwing performance: A reliability study among high school students
This study focused on creating and validating a dependable tool for assessing discus throw performance in secondary school students. The sample comprised 240 students (120 males, 120 females; aged 15-17) from 12 institutions, selected via stratified random sampling for skill and demographic representation. The assessment tool was developed with expert guidance and preliminary testing, incorporating five technical components: starting position, starting swing, movement across the circle, power position, and release-recovery. Statistical methods included the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) via a two-way mixed-effects model, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, test-retest reliability over two weeks, and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) with bootstrapping to establish confidence intervals. The overall reliability of the instrument was excellent (ICC=0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.93). Notable internal consistency was found (Cronbach's α = 0.87), coupled with strong test-retest reliability (r=0.91, p<0.001). Component analysis indicated the highest reliability in the power position (ICC=0.92) and the lowest in the initial swing (ICC= 0.86). A positive correlation existed between experience level and reliability measures (ICCs from 0.86 to 0.92). Gender analysis revealed comparable reliability for males (ICC=0.88) and females (ICC=0.90). The reliability among diverse components and demographics supports its use in both formative and summative assessments.
The effect of sport massage therapy using virgin coconut oil on the physical fitness of athletes in Bali Province
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of massage therapy using VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) on improving the fitness of Bali athletes. The research method employed was a quasi-experiment involving a sample of 32 male Bali athletes (aged between 16 and 18 years), divided into 16 participants in the experimental group and 16 participants in the control group. The experimental group received massage therapy using VCO, while the control group used body lotion for massage. Data were collected through fitness tests using the Multi-Stage Fitness Test (MFT) and involved pre-test and post-test measurements. Based on the results of the study, the massage therapy using VCO had a statistically significant effect on the physical fitness of Bali athletes (p=0.001). In contrast, massage therapy using body lotion did not show a statistically significant effect on physical fitness (p=0.064). Furthermore, a significant difference was found between the two treatments (p=0.036), indicating that VCO was more effective than body lotion in improving athletes’ physical fitness. The results of this research are expected to contribute to improving athlete performance through massage interventions using VCO and to provide a broader understanding for coaches in enhancing athlete performance based on the principles of training and recovery.
The effectiveness of neuromuscular taping and combined therapeutic exercises in reducing pain and improving knee health in soccer players
This study aimed to determine how neuromuscular taping (NMT), isometric training, and core stability exercises could help male soccer students with jumper's knees, aged 14 to 17, improve their well-being and agility. This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with two groups, each consisting of fourteen participants (n=14 per group). The intervention group received isometric training and core stability exercises combined with additional Neuromuscular Taping (NMT), while the control group performed only isometric training and core stability exercises. Clinical data were collected before and after the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to assess pain and the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) to evaluate agility. Three times a week for five weeks, the 15-session treatment was conducted under constant safety supervision. Both groups showed lower VAS scores (control: 5.71±1.204 to 3.00±0.961, p=0.0001; intervention: 5.43±1.222 to 1.93±1.072, p<0.000) and higher IAT scores (control: 21.67±1.112 to 15.37±0.780, p<0.000; intervention: 21.67±1.112 to 14.72±0.766, p=0.0001). Significant post-treatment effects on VAS (p=0.033) were found by independent t-tests. The intervention group, which received NMT, isometric training, and core stability exercises, showed better results in terms of pain reduction and agility improvement for the jumper's knee.
Marathon runners' perception and media knowledge of sport performance and air quality
Sporting activities such as marathons become huge atmospheric laboratories. It is therefore necessary for athletes to be aware of the air they breathe in order to preserve their health and ensure their performance. If athletes know how to handle this information, it can help them to choose the best conditions for organising a race, competing or simply training. Precisely, in this study framed within a research project on communication and air quality (COMUNICAIRE), the perception and knowledge about the relationship between sports performance and air quality of athletes has been analysed and quantified. The results obtained through an exploratory and descriptive quantitative methodology, with a total of 148 runners participating in the 34th edition of the Elvas-Badajoz Half Marathon, have made it possible to identify the lack of environmental literacy. This group has stated that, in general, they are unaware of the channels of access to the monitoring and prediction of these data and that they are informed about aspects of sport and health, mainly through social networks. In addition, it can be seen that the traditional media are not playing for them the educational role that is imperative for them. All in all, it is necessary to design environmental communication strategies for this group.
Comparison of decision-making skills among female football players from U-12 to professional age groups
The aim of this study was to compare the decision-making skills of female football players of different age groups (U-12, U-14, U-16, U-18 and Professional). For this purpose, the decision-making quality and the decision-making time were measured based on the core tactical principles of the offensive and defensive phases. The sample comprised a total of 63 Spanish female football players from U-12 (n=12), U-14 (n=9), U-16 (n=15), U-18 (n=12), and professional (n=15) age groups participating in national and regional competitions for their age group. The TacticUP® platform was used to assess the decision-making skills (quality and time). The results showed no significant differences in decision-making quality (p>0.05), whereas significant differences in decision-making time were found between age groups in both offensive and defensive phases (p< 0.05). Specifically, professional players made significantly (p<0.05) quicker decisions compared to U-16 and U-12 players. Therefore, it is concluded that Spanish female football players’ decision-making skills differ between professional and youth players, although such differences are not linear.
Unstructured play with active equipment enhances moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children
This study examined the impact of a daily 25-minute unstructured physical activity (PA) break on the PA levels of children aged 7–9 years. Recess periods provide valuable opportunities to boost PA and counteract sedentary behaviors, especially when active play equipment is available. In this randomized controlled trial, 71 children were allocated to either an experimental group (EG; n=39), which participated in daily 25-minute free play sessions with access to sports equipment, or a control group (CG; n=32) following standard recess protocols. Accelerometer measurements indicated a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in the EG relative to the CG, aligning with the World Health Organization’s 2020 guidelines on reducing sedentary behavior. These findings suggest that incorporating brief, unstructured PA breaks equipped with active play tools can enhance the effectiveness of school-based PA interventions and promote higher activity levels among children. Future research should explore the long-term benefits of such approaches.
A bibliometric insight into sports participation and socio-economic mobility
Researchers investigated the domain of social mobility and sports (SM&S), analyzing the influence of sports on social mobility and socio-economic factors. This study employed bibliometric analysis to examine previous research on the relationship between sports and social mobility. The objective was to identify unexplored areas by reviewing 582 scholarly papers from WoS published between 1992 and 2023. Geographical mapping displays how research activity is spread out in different regions, while keyword co-occurrence mapping identifies important topics. The research highlighted the exponential growth in the number of documents from 1992 to 2023, particularly after 2003. Geographically, the influence of developed nations was evident in the research. Author co-citation analysis classifies authors into four distinct schools of thought. The results indicate a transition towards a broader and more integrated approach in sports research, emphasising the influence of economics, sociology, wellness, and participation factors. For future research, there is a call for more thematic reviews to delve deeper into the four SM&S thematic strands.
Utilization of optical heart rate and electrocardiogram sensors as signal indicators during exercise in woodball
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of optical heart rate (OHR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors as signal indicators in sports, particularly in the woodball game. The relevant and chosen approach was quantitative research with a quasi-experimental method using a matching-only design. The study involved a total of 64 participants (mean age 15.2±1.5 years; mean height 165.4±6.2 cm; mean weight 58.3±7.8 kg; BMI 21.3±2.1 kg/m²), divided equally into two groups: 32 athletes in the experimental group and 32 athletes in the control group. Treatment for the experimental group involved gate-in-one stroke training and 24-gate competition training using OHR and ECG sensors in the form of fitness trackers. Meanwhile, the control group followed only the conventional training routines conducted by each club. Data collection techniques using pre-test and post-test in this study employed a gate-in-one stroke test instrument. The results of this study indicated that OHR and ECG sensors, packaged in the form of a fitness tracker, can significantly support athletes in conducting sports activities (p=0.032), showing a meaningful improvement in performance and accuracy in woodball. Relating to this, the technology can have a significant effect on improving skills, especially accuracy in the woodball game. In conclusion, OHR and ECG sensors can serve as signal indicators during exercise in sports.
Examining the interplay of coaching leadership styles, motivation, and anxiety: Insights from Filipino university student-athletes
The Philippines' passion for sports is deeply ingrained in its culture and is evident in its participation in major national and international sporting events. Hence, it is crucial to determine a coaching leadership style for cultivating a solid coach-athlete relationship and facilitating the growth and achievement of motivated athletes. This study generally examined the associations between coaching leadership styles, motivation, and anxiety among Filipino university student-athletes at a public state university in Leyte province, the Philippines. It utilized a quantitative approach, specifically a descriptive cross-sectional survey and correlational design with 108 student-athlete respondents. Results revealed a statistically significant but weak positive association (rs=0.304, p=0.001) between coaching leadership and student-athlete motivation, suggesting that athletes who perceive their coaches as effective leaders exhibit higher motivation levels. However, no significant association was found between coaching leadership and student-athletes' anxiety (rs=-0.026, p=0.793), nor between student-athletes' anxiety and motivation (rs=-0.157, p=0.106). These results emphasize the complexity of factors influencing anxiety, including performance pressure, competition intensity, or personal expectations. While no single leadership approach universally applies, a deep understanding of various coaching styles is crucial for cultivating an optimal coach-athlete relationship that enhances motivation and performance.
Investigating aggression control in combat training among college physical education students
This study aimed to examine the effect of combat sports training on aggression control among second-year college students registered in a physical education course. It used a mixed-methods longitudinal design that combined quantitative and qualitative techniques. A total of 132 (68 men and 64 women) second-year college students enrolled in a physical education program participated. Every participant had a course in combat sports included in their course of study. Aggression levels were measured using a mixed-methods approach combining semi-structured interviews to probe participants' emotional experiences with the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Repeated measures ANOVA particularly in hostility (-12.5%, κ2=0. 201\eta^2 = 0. 201η2=0. 201, and physical aggression (-9.8%, κ2=0. 149\eta^2 = 0. 149η2=0. 149), indicated significant decreases in overall aggression (-8.2%, κ2=0.178\eta^2 = 0.178η2=0. 149). Although with a smaller size, verbal hostility and anger also dropped. Qualitative and quantitative findings suggest that combat sports training can reduce aggression and improve emotional control, stress management, and self-discipline. Some students, however, reported increased frustration and competitiveness, indicating individual differences. These results support including structured combat sports in physical education to enhance students’ emotional regulation.
The degree of positive perfectionism among professional players in football and volleyball in Palestine
Perfectionism plays a pivotal role in shaping an athlete's personality and enhancing their motivation to achieve peak performance. However, if not managed properly, perfectionism can become a source of psychological pressure, leading to excessive stress and fear of failure. Therefore, maintaining a balance between ambition and self-acceptance is essential for enhancing athletic performance without negatively impacting the athlete's mental well-being. The study aimed to identify the degree of positive perfectionism among professional football and volleyball players in Palestine, as well as to determine the differences in positive perfectionism between these two groups. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The study was conducted on a stratified random sample of 79 professional volleyball players and 43 professional football players in Palestine. To collect data, the Positive Perfectionism Scale was used. The results showed that the degree of positive perfectionism among professional football and volleyball players in Palestine was high, with a mean score of 4.03±0.44. Furthermore, the results indicated that the t-value was statistically significant at the α≤0.05 level for positive perfectionism and its dimensions, favoring professional football players over volleyball players. The study found that professional athletes in Palestine have high positive perfectionism, with football players scoring higher than volleyball players.
Physiological adaptations and endurance unveiled: The impact of structured fitness training on elite youth soccer players
Fitness training enhances endurance in soccer players. The study aimed to determine the effect of a Motophysic Fitness (MPFIT) training program on the physical and technical skills of twenty youth soccer players with an average age 20±1 years, height 1.71 ± 0.5 m, and weight 64.3 ± 5.7 kg. It consisted of a 12-week intervention period during the off-season. The MPFIT training was designed to improve physical fitness in terms of endurance, taking into account the players' positional differences. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 (Yo-YoIRT1) was implemented to measure endurance before and after training. The outcome of Yo-YoIRT1 was assessed in terms of total distance covered in meters, the level achieved and estimated VO2max. Maximum heart rate was also measured to analyse the impact of MPFIT training. The MPFIT regime offered an average of 2% increase in fitness level of the players in all positions. Z-test revealed that significance p-values for the level achieved and VO2max were determined to be p=0.004 and p=0.02, respectively. The study provided substantial evidence supporting the viability of MPFIT regime as an innovative form of high-intensity training and implemented by individual players for self-assessment and by trainers for enhancing the soccer player fitness.
Exploring the dynamics of sports culture in Pakistan: A qualitative study
The importance of sports and physical activities is understood in all kinds of societies around the globe. The current study aimed to understand the dimensions of physical culture in Pakistan (a developing country that is not well-renowned in the context of sporting identity) that need to be addressed earlier. A qualitative study was conducted with 26 experts (athletes, journalists, sports managers, and sociologists) to discuss the research questions about the characteristics of the sports culture of Pakistan and the factors affecting it. The study identified socio-cultural factors (age, gender, demography), economic factors (facilities, social status, unemployment), and personal factors (enjoyment, physical fitness, social interaction, hobby) as characteristics of sports culture. Additionally, national culture, celebrity culture, and family culture were found to significantly affect Pakistani sports culture.
Exploring differences in body composition and physical fitness between U11 and U12 soccer players: Implications for health promotion and athletic performance
Soccer is a highly demanding sport requiring the integration of physical, technical, and tactical skills. This study aimed to compare anthropometric characteristics and physical performance between Spanish male soccer players aged 11 (U11) and 12 (U12), and to examine the relationships between body composition and fitness variables. Forty-two participants (21 U11 and 21 U12) underwent assessments of height, weight, body fat percentage, BMI, countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-meter sprint, 505 change-of-direction test (505 COD), and estimated VO₂max. Results showed that U12 players were significantly taller, heavier, and had lower body fat percentages than U11 players (p< 0.05). Physically, U12 players outperformed U11 in CMJ height (+27.7%), sprint speed (+3.4%), change-of-direction ability (+3.9%), and aerobic capacity (+9.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that better body composition profiles, specifically lower fat percentage and BMI, were associated with superior physical performance metrics (p<0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring growth and body composition in youth soccer for optimizing training and talent identification. Early physical development appears critical for enhancing athletic performance, supporting individualized training programs that integrate physical and technical preparation.
Effects of 12 sessions of multicomponent training on physical fitness indicators in adults with intellectual disability
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-session multicomponent training program on fitness indicators in adults with intellectual disability (ID). The sample consisted of (n=9) adults aged 23.67 ± 4.97 years from a group for individuals with ID not enrolled in formal education. Fitness indicators, including muscle strength, functional capacity, and adiposity, were assessed pre- and post-implementation of the 12-session multicomponent training program. To compare initial and final measures, Wilcoxon and paired Student's T-tests were utilized. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were found in absolute (Δ% = ↑21.85) and relative (Δ% = ↑22.22) handgrip strength. Additionally, execution times decreased significantly in the five-times sit-to-stand test (Δ% = ↓17.37) and the timed up-and-go test (Δ% = ↓12.98), while no significant changes were observed in adiposity measurements (p>0.05). In conclusion, a 12-session multicomponent training program had positive effects on fitness indicators related to muscle strength and functional capacity in adults with ID. The use of this methodology is recommended as a strategy for promoting health and autonomy among individuals with ID not enrolled in formal education.
The effect of combination of massage gun therapy with exercise on increasing range of motion and movement function in patients with non-specific low back pain
Low back pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal disorder caused by unergonomic positions. This study aimed to determine the effect of massage gun treatment and passive stretching in increasing range of motion (ROM) and joint function of non-specific LBP. The method used in this research was a quasi-experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest design, then a sampling technique was carried out using purposive sampling. The study included 20 voluntary participants (aged 20–65) with low back pain who provided informed consent. The results of the study showed that the range of motion, measured using a goniometer, increased in forward flexion, left flexion, right flexion, extension, left rotation, and right rotation in individuals with LBP. Measurements taken before treatment and after treatments 1 to 3 showed a significant increase (p=0.000, <0.05). Massage gun treatment combined with passive stretching also improved joint movement function, as measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), with pre- and post-treatment results from treatments 1 to 3 showing a significant improvement (p=0.000, <0.05). It can be concluded that massage gun therapy combined with passive stretching effectively increases the range of motion and motor function in individuals with non-specific LBP.
The role of mental exercise in optimizing athlete performance: A systematic review of cognitive and psychological interventions
This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the role of mental training in optimizing athletes' performance, with a focus on cognitive and psychological interventions. The study was conducted using a systematic review method, using inclusion and exclusion criteria to select relevant articles from various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Of the 26 studies that met the criteria, it was found that mental training significantly improved the performance of athletes in various sports. Cognitive interventions, such as visualization and focus techniques, have been shown to be effective in improving concentration and reducing anxiety. In addition, psychological interventions, including stress management and confidence development, showed a significant positive impact on athletes' motivation and mental resilience. These results show that mental training not only contributes to improved physical performance, but also facilitates the mental development necessary to compete at a high level. These findings underscore the importance of integrating mental training in athletes' training programs to reach their maximum potential. Recommendations for further research include the exploration of new techniques and the development of mental training programs tailored to the specific needs of athletes. Thus, mental exercise can be recognized as an integral part of a holistic approach to improving sports performance.
Influence of blood groups on maximum oxygen consumption and explosive power among high-level basketball players in Palestine
The study aimed to identify the influence of blood groups on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and explosive power in high-level basketball players in Palestine. The researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach. The study was conducted on a healthy random sample of 44 players, whose age, height, and body mass were 25.81 ± 5.79 years, 187.79 ± 9.52 cm, and 89.97 ± 15.61 kg, respectively. The players were tested using the vertical jump test and the Cooper 12-minute run test. The results of the study revealed that the mean explosive power was 47.27 cm, and the mean maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was 42.04 mL/kg/min. In addition, blood group had a statistically significant effect on both maximum oxygen consumption and explosive power, with blood type B showing higher explosive power and blood type O showing higher VO2max (p < 0.05). Blood group appears to influence physiological performance in high-level basketball players, with blood type O associated with higher aerobic capacity (VO2max) and blood type B associated with greater explosive power. These findings suggest that blood type may be a factor to consider in athlete assessment and training.
Hybridization of pedagogical models in Physical Education: Influence on the acquisition of competencies in the physical capacity of strength and enjoyment in students
Although the benefits of strength training in adolescents are well-known, this fitness component is surrounded by certain myths that difficult its introduction in the educational setting. The hybridization of pedagogical models (PM) can be a useful tool to promote healthy habits through physical education (PE) while promoting secondary school students’ enjoyment. This longitudinal and quasi-experimental study of one group aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a CrossFit Teaching-Learning Sequence (SE-A) based on the hybridization of PM in 2nd year of secondary school students on the acquisition of skills linked to strength and enjoyment. Before and after the SE-A, 57 students (23 girls) were evaluated on knowledge of strength-related myths (ad-hoc questionnaire), and students’ enjoyment during physical education (with the PACES questionnaire). The results showed significant differences with higher scores after the SE-A regarding the myths questionnaire (p<0.001; Z=4.150; g Hedges=0.870) and the enjoyment in PE (p<0.001; Z=3.834; g Hedges= 0.351). The hybridization of PM seems to have a positive influence on the recognition of myths related to the strength and enjoyment of PE students. This aspect could increase physical activity levels in the short and/or long term in this age-group.
Scientific mapping of somatotype research publications: A bibliometric analysis (1944–2023)
The aim of this study was to map the global somatotype research trends using a bibliometric analysis. The method employed a bibliometric analysis of data sourced from the Scopus database, yielding 2,438 relevant studies authored by 7,609 individuals. To analyze these data, VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were employed to visualize publication trends, key authors, institutions, journals, and keywords. Key findings include a significant research focus in "Medicine" (39.6%) and "Health Professions" (13.1%), with emerging interdisciplinary opportunities in "Psychology" and "Engineering." Notable research themes include "somatotype components", "BMI", and "body image", with emerging studies focusing on 3D human models and artificial neural networks. Despite these advancements, international collaboration remains limited, mainly among industrialized nations. Additionally, the analysis highlights the critical role of somatotype in sports science for optimizing athlete performance and talent identification. Furthermore, new technologies, such as 3D scanning and machine learning, promise advancements in somatotype assessment. Future research should focus on enhancing validity and reliability by integrating advanced technologies and fostering international collaboration to overcome scientific isolation. In conclusion, somatotype research has significantly evolved, with concentrated efforts in medicine and health professions and expanding interdisciplinary collaborations. This study provides valuable insights, emphasizing the need for technological advancements and greater global collaboration.
Eating habits, lifestyle, and sports practice among primary school students in Valladolid
Overweight, obesity, and lack of physical exercise during childhood cause serious health problems both in childhood and adulthood. The objective of this study was to analyze the eating habits, lifestyle, and sports practice of Primary Education students in Valladolid (Spain). The Healthy Lifestyle Habits Questionnaire for Diet and Physical Activity (CHVSAAF) was used on 130 students aged 11-12 years. The statistical analysis to compare both groups revealed that more than 80% of the children are neither overweight nor obese, with a low consumption of ultra-processed foods and a high frequency of healthy eating behaviors such as drinking water and eating fruits and vegetables. Additionally, it was observed that sports practice is common outside of Physical Education classes. Correlations showed that higher fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with lower weight (p<0.05), while watching television for more than two hours a day is related to higher weight and greater consumption of ultra-processed foods (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of promoting healthy habits from an early age and the crucial role of the family in developing these habits.
Teachers' perspectives toward bullying on physical education in elementary schools
Bullying in physical education (PE) classes remains a significant issue, impacting student well-being and participation in physical activities. This study explored the perspectives of PE teachers regarding bullying in elementary school settings. Through qualitative analysis, four key themes emerged: teacher awareness of bullying, PE as a trigger for bullying, the role of learning approach models, and the impact of bullying on students. The findings indicate that while many PE teachers recognize bullying as a problem, their responses vary from proactive interventions to perceptions of bullying as normal peer interactions. Additionally, the study highlights how the competitive nature of PE can exacerbate bullying behaviors, particularly among students with lower skill levels. The selection of appropriate learning approaches, such as cooperative and inclusive teaching methods, is suggested to mitigate bullying incidents. The study further emphasizes the need for professional development programs to equip teachers with effective bullying prevention strategies. Future research should explore intervention models tailored to PE settings and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effectiveness of different teaching methodologies in reducing bullying.
Relationship between hand dynamometer results and blood plasma lactic acid as indicators of muscle fatigue
Fatigue is a protective mechanism of the body that prevents continuous injury and allows recovery after rest. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the results of examining the level of muscle fatigue in the hands of computer operators between the measurement of the blood plasma lactic acid method and the hand dynamometer method. This study was conducted using an observational, cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of male computer operators aged 20–30 years. The sample was selected based on the following inclusion criteria: no history of specific medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, or kidney disorders, and at least one year of experience as a computer operator. Based on these criteria, the final sample included 127 subjects. The results of the paired t-test showed a significant decrease in handgrip strength measured with a dynamometer, with values of 43.25±3.32 before work and 41.45±3.62 after work (p<0.05). Similarly, blood plasma lactic acid levels showed a significant increase, from 2.93±0.29 before work to 3.67±0.57 after 4 hours of typing (p<0.05). These results indicate a relationship between handgrip strength and lactic acid levels, supporting their use as indicators of arm muscle fatigue in computer operators.