SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences
Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia (Editum)
The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms: 1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2. © Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013 2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned. 3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community. The works and papers that are published in this Journal are subject to the following terms: 1. The Publication Service of the University of Murcia (the publisher) has the Publication Rights (Copyright) to the published papers and works, and favors and permits the reusing of the same under the license indicated in point 2. © Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2013 2. The papers and works are to be published in the digital edition of the Journal under the license Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 España (legal text). The copying, using, spreading, transmitting and publicly displaying of the papers, works or publication are permitted as long as: i) the authors and original sources (Journal, publisher and URL of the publication) are quoted; ii) it is not used for commercial benefit; iii) the existence and specifications of this users license are mentioned. 3. Conditions of Self-Archiving. It is permitted and encouraged that the authors spread electronically the pre-print (before printing) and/or post-print (the revised, evaluated and accepted) versions of their papers or works before their publication since this favors their circulation and early diffusion and therefore can help increase their citation and quotation, and also there reach through the academic community.
Development of basic pencak silat e-book teaching materials based on OBE
The study presented the development of an Outcome-Based Education (OBE)-based pencak silat e-book as a learning media for coaching education students. The materials included a discussion on the history of pencak silat, followed by core content on basic pencak silat techniques, starting from basic stances, hand attacks, blocks, dodges, kicks, catches, sweeps and takedowns, falls, to step patterns, all explained in detail based on OBE principles. The population of this study was students of the 2022 cohort who took the pencak silat course at Universitas Negeri Medan, totaling 93 students. This study employed the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) development model. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentation. The small-group test results showed a percentage value of 87% with a very good category. The large-group test results showed an average overall assessment score of 86%, also in the very good category. The research results obtained show that the OBE-based e-book teaching media for pencak silat courses that was developed is suitable for use as a teaching medium.
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Integrating basketball skills learning into mathematics: an innovative model to improve skills and performance
Basketball skills learning has focused more on physical and technical aspects without considering quantitative analysis-based approaches such as mathematics, which can provide a deeper understanding of movement strategies and effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and test the effectiveness of a mathematics-based basketball skills learning model to improve students' understanding of movement concepts and playing performance. It used a research and development (R&D) method with a quasi-experimental approach, involving students as research subjects and measuring the model's effectiveness through validity tests, practicality, and improvement of student skills before and after implementing the model. The results of the effectiveness test of the learning model through pretest and posttest showed increased skills in three main aspects: dribbling, passing, and shooting. In dribbling skills, the percentage of achievement increased from 12.84% in the pretest to 20.86% in the posttest. Passing experienced a substantial increase from 27.26% to 41.92%, while shooting also increased from 4.11% to 9.11%. These results indicate that the applied math-based learning model improves students' basic basketball skills. Developing a mathematics-based learning model in basketball positively contributes to the effectiveness of sports skills learning, so it is recommended to be applied in the physical education curriculum to improve students' cognitive understanding and motor skills.
Tactical games and action-research models for skill development in youth football
In the football context, the Tactical Games Model (TGM) emerges as an innovative approach that integrates technical and tactical learning through realistic game situations. Despite the fact that the TGM is widely used in physical education to develop students' tactical and decision-making skills, its use in the training of young footballers is still limited. This study employed a quasi-experimental design (non-randomized) to evaluate the effectiveness of a new methodological approach, TGM, compared to action research, in improving learning and the development of key competences related to technical-tactical performance in football. The sample included 40 young footballers between the ages of 11 and 13, divided into an Experimental Group (EG) and a Control Group (CG), with equal distribution based on age and experience. Using an action-research approach, the EG followed the TGM while the CG followed a traditional approach. Two distinct 9-month training protocols were implemented. Performance was evaluated using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI), administered before and after the intervention. The EG benefited significantly from the TGM approach, with a significant increase in total scores, from a pre-test average of 15.25 to a post-test average of 22.45. Statistical analysis confirmed the difference between groups (p = .00026). This study shows that TGM represents a promising methodology for the development of technical-tactical skills in young footballers.
Time to labor market entry and characteristics of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences graduates in sports management positions
The importance of sports in today's society has increased the demand for professionals in this field. Graduates in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (CCAFYDE) play various roles, including teaching and sports management. The aim of this study was to analyze the time it takes for CCAFYDE graduates to access management positions and to examine their working conditions. The sample consisted of university graduates in CCAFYDE, with 694 members (68.3% men, 31.3% women), representing 3.7% of all registered members in 2023. The study results showed that most of these professionals secured their first job in less than a year, although only 28.5% achieved stable employment during that time. Networking was key for 45.8% of respondents in their job search. Regarding salaries, most earn between €1,001 and €1,500 per month, suggesting a need to improve working conditions in this sector. A degree in CCAFYDE is essential for accessing these positions, highlighting the importance of academic qualifications and networking in professional careers.
The role of motivational support in shaping the training activity of young athletes
This study analyzed modern approaches to motivating young athletes based on Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, Dweck’s growth mindset theory, and Wallerand’s concepts of motivational profiling. Particular attention was paid to a critical analysis of traditional training methods that focus mainly on physical fitness and technical skills, often ignoring the specific psychological needs of young athletes. It is shown that effective motivation of athletes goes beyond a simple desire to win and includes intrinsic motivation, social and emotional competencies, psychological stability and creative thinking. A comparative analysis of international practices of working with talented young athletes, in particular the successful experience of the Scandinavian countries, was carried out. The influence of socio-economic factors on the development of sports talents and the problem of inequality of opportunities for children from low-income families was investigated. The modern possibilities of using digital technologies, adaptive learning and artificial intelligence to personalize the training process are considered. The importance of professional development of coaches and the need for their training to work with talented young athletes are emphasized. The study indicated the need to develop comprehensive motivational support programs that would take into account the individual needs of each athlete and contribute to the formation of a competitive generation of national sport.
Pedagogical innovation in Physical Education: a systematic review of the implementation of mindfulness in Primary Education
This study addresses pedagogical innovation in Physical Education by conducting a systematic review of the implementation of mindfulness in Primary Education. The main objective was to analyse how mindfulness practice is being introduced at this school stage. A systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out using the Scopus and WOS databases. The selected articles were examined in order to identify the practical experiences of mindfulness in primary school classes, the geographical areas where it is being implemented, and the benefits obtained through this practice. The results show a certain scarcity of interventions, that the implementation of mindfulness has been carried out mainly in upper primary grades, in the same way, in the area of Spain, and has proven to be effective in improving attention, reducing stress and promoting a positive school environment.
Didactic principles from alternative sports: the voice of educators working in non-formal settings
Alternative sporting events arise from adaptations of traditional disciplines or as a result of natural processes of creativity and innovation. They are generally practiced in unconventional settings and spaces, both outdoors and indoors. Despite their growing popularity, there is still limited research on the role of educators who guide and facilitate these disciplines. The aim of this study was to explore the didactic principles of alternative sports events in non-formal spaces from the perspective of educators. A qualitative, phenomenological-hermeneutic study design was used. The sample consisted of nine educators from nine different alternative sports. An adapted interview script was developed and validated for this purpose. Data analysis was conducted in the following stages: transcription, coding, and categorisation. The findings highlight the conditions and specific characteristics of didactic implementation, methodological recommendations for integration into formal educational settings, and their contribution to holistic education, particularly in terms of values development. The conditions in which alternative sports are developed differ from those of traditional sports, and their inclusion in educational settings can serve as a complement to the national curriculum. The didactic practice of educators emerges from a holistic framework with a strong emphasis on value transmission.
Characteristics of regular exercise habits among people in the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam
This study aimed to analyze and compare the characteristics of sports participation behavior among mountainous populations in the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of Vietnam. A sociological survey method was employed to examine and compare physical exercise habits across these regions, focusing on exercise level, temporal characteristics (time and frequency), types and forms of physical activity, as well as participants’ awareness of the meaning and benefits of physical exercise. The total sample comprised 3,429 participants, including 1,842 males and 1,587 females. The research results indicated that the proportion of mountainous populations regularly engaging in physical exercise was relatively similar across the three regions. Participants in all regions tended to practice both modern and traditional sports. However, the content of physical exercise showed statistically significant differences among the regions (p<0.05). In addition, the majority of respondents demonstrated positive and stable motivations for engaging in physical activity. Their perceptions of the meaning and benefits of physical exercise also varied significantly across regions. These findings highlight important considerations for the development and promotion of physical activity programs among mountainous populations in Vietnam.
Difference in balance ability levels in children with Down syndrome compared to those with typical development
Children with Down Syndrome (DS) experience motor delays due to muscle weakness and hypotonia, especially on the lower extremities. These impairments affect their general physical health and ability to perform daily activities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability to perform motor activities that involve keeping the balance of a group of children with DS. This study included 60 children aged 6 to 12 years: 30 with Down syndrome and 30 with typical development. The children were evaluated using the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). The scale includes 14 balance-related tasks, each scored from 0 points (lowest function) to 4 points (highest function). The results showed significantly lower scores in children with DS across all assessed activities (p<0.01). The most significant difficulties were detected in tasks such as standing with eyes closed, standing with feet together, standing with one foot in front, standing on one foot, placing alternate foot on stool (p<0.01). They only exception was the standing unsupported test, which had no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Children with DS performed lower abilities in achieving balance skills compared to typically developing peers. This highlights the need for tailored interventions to improve balance abilities in children with DS.
Service encounter in low-cost fitness centres: A comparative study according to different sociodemographic variables
Previous studies have analyzed the influence of service encounter on traditional variables in the literature, such as perceived value or repurchase intention, showing influence effects on both (direct and indirect, respectively). However, studies analyzing the differences in the perception of this variable depending on socio-demographic aspects are scarce in fitness centers. For this reason, this research was conducted to analyze the differences in users' perception of service encounter according to gender, membership length, and the typology of users. Data sampling was performed using an online questionnaire that was surveyed to a total of 263 users from three different low-cost fitness centers. The questionnaire was made by several different scales (among which was the service encounter scale included), as well as several sociodemographic questions. Answers to the survey were collected using Limesurvey and analyzed using JASP statistical software. According to the results, significant differences were found by sex and membership length of the users, as well as by the type of user (p<0.05). Future research should use longitudinal designs to better understand the influence of seniority and experience on this variable.
Effect of physical activity levels and physical self-concept in bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review
The present paper conducted a systematic review to examine the scientific evidence on the effect of bullying and cyberbullying on physical activity practice and physical self-concept. Following the PRISMA methodology, 4 databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO—were consulted, obtaining a total of 157 studies. After the process, 20 studies involving 213,197 participants (46.4% males and 53.6% females) were included. The average prevalence was 21.9% for bullying and 13.7% for cyberbullying. Most studies found that increased physical activity practice, especially vigorous activity with high levels of enjoyment, reduced the likelihood of being a victim of bullying and cyberbullying. However, certain types of activities, such as football and athletics, showed a higher propensity for bullying behaviors. Regarding physical self-concept, being overweight, obese, or having a negative body perception was associated with increased victimization by bullying and cyberbullying. Regular physical activity can contribute to a positive physical self-concept and intrinsic motivation towards exercise. In conclusion, regular practice of physical activity, especially of vigorous intensity, appears to have a protective effect against bullying and cyberbullying, while a negative physical self-concept may increase the risk of victimization.
The mobile learning technique for measuring internal intensity in recreational basketball
Coaches seek to identify the task constraints that compel players to exert greater effort to enhance performance. This empirical, cross-sectional study, conducted using a single-case manipulative strategy, compared the internal intensities elicited by different tasks (i.e., 1 vs. 1, 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, 4 vs. 4, and 5 vs. 5) in recreational basketball using a mobile learning technique during a session of increasing complexity. In addition, perceived effort was analysed. It involved 59 players (34 boys and 25 girls; mean age = 14.61±1.78 years) from a public institution in the southwest of Spain. Intensities measured included heart rate, monitored via smartphones, and perceived effort, assessed using a pictorial-curvilinear scale. The correlation between both measures of intensities was calculated using Pearson's correlation, revealing positive correlations in the training tasks (p<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in heart rate between the 3vs.3 in ½ court and 4vs.4 with space repetition compared to the 5vs.5 game. Both tasks should be incorporated in training as they elicited physiological demands similar to those in a competition situation.
Development and validation of a standardized assessment instrument for discus throwing performance: A reliability study among high school students
This study focused on creating and validating a dependable tool for assessing discus throw performance in secondary school students. The sample comprised 240 students (120 males, 120 females; aged 15-17) from 12 institutions, selected via stratified random sampling for skill and demographic representation. The assessment tool was developed with expert guidance and preliminary testing, incorporating five technical components: starting position, starting swing, movement across the circle, power position, and release-recovery. Statistical methods included the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) via a two-way mixed-effects model, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, test-retest reliability over two weeks, and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) with bootstrapping to establish confidence intervals. The overall reliability of the instrument was excellent (ICC=0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.93). Notable internal consistency was found (Cronbach's α = 0.87), coupled with strong test-retest reliability (r=0.91, p<0.001). Component analysis indicated the highest reliability in the power position (ICC=0.92) and the lowest in the initial swing (ICC= 0.86). A positive correlation existed between experience level and reliability measures (ICCs from 0.86 to 0.92). Gender analysis revealed comparable reliability for males (ICC=0.88) and females (ICC=0.90). The reliability among diverse components and demographics supports its use in both formative and summative assessments.
The effect of sport massage therapy using virgin coconut oil on the physical fitness of athletes in Bali Province
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of massage therapy using VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) on improving the fitness of Bali athletes. The research method employed was a quasi-experiment involving a sample of 32 male Bali athletes (aged between 16 and 18 years), divided into 16 participants in the experimental group and 16 participants in the control group. The experimental group received massage therapy using VCO, while the control group used body lotion for massage. Data were collected through fitness tests using the Multi-Stage Fitness Test (MFT) and involved pre-test and post-test measurements. Based on the results of the study, the massage therapy using VCO had a statistically significant effect on the physical fitness of Bali athletes (p=0.001). In contrast, massage therapy using body lotion did not show a statistically significant effect on physical fitness (p=0.064). Furthermore, a significant difference was found between the two treatments (p=0.036), indicating that VCO was more effective than body lotion in improving athletes’ physical fitness. The results of this research are expected to contribute to improving athlete performance through massage interventions using VCO and to provide a broader understanding for coaches in enhancing athlete performance based on the principles of training and recovery.
The effectiveness of neuromuscular taping and combined therapeutic exercises in reducing pain and improving knee health in soccer players
This study aimed to determine how neuromuscular taping (NMT), isometric training, and core stability exercises could help male soccer students with jumper's knees, aged 14 to 17, improve their well-being and agility. This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with two groups, each consisting of fourteen participants (n=14 per group). The intervention group received isometric training and core stability exercises combined with additional Neuromuscular Taping (NMT), while the control group performed only isometric training and core stability exercises. Clinical data were collected before and after the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to assess pain and the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) to evaluate agility. Three times a week for five weeks, the 15-session treatment was conducted under constant safety supervision. Both groups showed lower VAS scores (control: 5.71±1.204 to 3.00±0.961, p=0.0001; intervention: 5.43±1.222 to 1.93±1.072, p<0.000) and higher IAT scores (control: 21.67±1.112 to 15.37±0.780, p<0.000; intervention: 21.67±1.112 to 14.72±0.766, p=0.0001). Significant post-treatment effects on VAS (p=0.033) were found by independent t-tests. The intervention group, which received NMT, isometric training, and core stability exercises, showed better results in terms of pain reduction and agility improvement for the jumper's knee.
Marathon runners' perception and media knowledge of sport performance and air quality
Sporting activities such as marathons become huge atmospheric laboratories. It is therefore necessary for athletes to be aware of the air they breathe in order to preserve their health and ensure their performance. If athletes know how to handle this information, it can help them to choose the best conditions for organising a race, competing or simply training. Precisely, in this study framed within a research project on communication and air quality (COMUNICAIRE), the perception and knowledge about the relationship between sports performance and air quality of athletes has been analysed and quantified. The results obtained through an exploratory and descriptive quantitative methodology, with a total of 148 runners participating in the 34th edition of the Elvas-Badajoz Half Marathon, have made it possible to identify the lack of environmental literacy. This group has stated that, in general, they are unaware of the channels of access to the monitoring and prediction of these data and that they are informed about aspects of sport and health, mainly through social networks. In addition, it can be seen that the traditional media are not playing for them the educational role that is imperative for them. All in all, it is necessary to design environmental communication strategies for this group.
Comparison of decision-making skills among female football players from U-12 to professional age groups
The aim of this study was to compare the decision-making skills of female football players of different age groups (U-12, U-14, U-16, U-18 and Professional). For this purpose, the decision-making quality and the decision-making time were measured based on the core tactical principles of the offensive and defensive phases. The sample comprised a total of 63 Spanish female football players from U-12 (n=12), U-14 (n=9), U-16 (n=15), U-18 (n=12), and professional (n=15) age groups participating in national and regional competitions for their age group. The TacticUP® platform was used to assess the decision-making skills (quality and time). The results showed no significant differences in decision-making quality (p>0.05), whereas significant differences in decision-making time were found between age groups in both offensive and defensive phases (p< 0.05). Specifically, professional players made significantly (p<0.05) quicker decisions compared to U-16 and U-12 players. Therefore, it is concluded that Spanish female football players’ decision-making skills differ between professional and youth players, although such differences are not linear.
Unstructured play with active equipment enhances moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children
This study examined the impact of a daily 25-minute unstructured physical activity (PA) break on the PA levels of children aged 7–9 years. Recess periods provide valuable opportunities to boost PA and counteract sedentary behaviors, especially when active play equipment is available. In this randomized controlled trial, 71 children were allocated to either an experimental group (EG; n=39), which participated in daily 25-minute free play sessions with access to sports equipment, or a control group (CG; n=32) following standard recess protocols. Accelerometer measurements indicated a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in the EG relative to the CG, aligning with the World Health Organization’s 2020 guidelines on reducing sedentary behavior. These findings suggest that incorporating brief, unstructured PA breaks equipped with active play tools can enhance the effectiveness of school-based PA interventions and promote higher activity levels among children. Future research should explore the long-term benefits of such approaches.
A bibliometric insight into sports participation and socio-economic mobility
Researchers investigated the domain of social mobility and sports (SM&S), analyzing the influence of sports on social mobility and socio-economic factors. This study employed bibliometric analysis to examine previous research on the relationship between sports and social mobility. The objective was to identify unexplored areas by reviewing 582 scholarly papers from WoS published between 1992 and 2023. Geographical mapping displays how research activity is spread out in different regions, while keyword co-occurrence mapping identifies important topics. The research highlighted the exponential growth in the number of documents from 1992 to 2023, particularly after 2003. Geographically, the influence of developed nations was evident in the research. Author co-citation analysis classifies authors into four distinct schools of thought. The results indicate a transition towards a broader and more integrated approach in sports research, emphasising the influence of economics, sociology, wellness, and participation factors. For future research, there is a call for more thematic reviews to delve deeper into the four SM&S thematic strands.
Utilization of optical heart rate and electrocardiogram sensors as signal indicators during exercise in woodball
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of optical heart rate (OHR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors as signal indicators in sports, particularly in the woodball game. The relevant and chosen approach was quantitative research with a quasi-experimental method using a matching-only design. The study involved a total of 64 participants (mean age 15.2±1.5 years; mean height 165.4±6.2 cm; mean weight 58.3±7.8 kg; BMI 21.3±2.1 kg/m²), divided equally into two groups: 32 athletes in the experimental group and 32 athletes in the control group. Treatment for the experimental group involved gate-in-one stroke training and 24-gate competition training using OHR and ECG sensors in the form of fitness trackers. Meanwhile, the control group followed only the conventional training routines conducted by each club. Data collection techniques using pre-test and post-test in this study employed a gate-in-one stroke test instrument. The results of this study indicated that OHR and ECG sensors, packaged in the form of a fitness tracker, can significantly support athletes in conducting sports activities (p=0.032), showing a meaningful improvement in performance and accuracy in woodball. Relating to this, the technology can have a significant effect on improving skills, especially accuracy in the woodball game. In conclusion, OHR and ECG sensors can serve as signal indicators during exercise in sports.
Examining the interplay of coaching leadership styles, motivation, and anxiety: Insights from Filipino university student-athletes
The Philippines' passion for sports is deeply ingrained in its culture and is evident in its participation in major national and international sporting events. Hence, it is crucial to determine a coaching leadership style for cultivating a solid coach-athlete relationship and facilitating the growth and achievement of motivated athletes. This study generally examined the associations between coaching leadership styles, motivation, and anxiety among Filipino university student-athletes at a public state university in Leyte province, the Philippines. It utilized a quantitative approach, specifically a descriptive cross-sectional survey and correlational design with 108 student-athlete respondents. Results revealed a statistically significant but weak positive association (rs=0.304, p=0.001) between coaching leadership and student-athlete motivation, suggesting that athletes who perceive their coaches as effective leaders exhibit higher motivation levels. However, no significant association was found between coaching leadership and student-athletes' anxiety (rs=-0.026, p=0.793), nor between student-athletes' anxiety and motivation (rs=-0.157, p=0.106). These results emphasize the complexity of factors influencing anxiety, including performance pressure, competition intensity, or personal expectations. While no single leadership approach universally applies, a deep understanding of various coaching styles is crucial for cultivating an optimal coach-athlete relationship that enhances motivation and performance.
Investigating aggression control in combat training among college physical education students
This study aimed to examine the effect of combat sports training on aggression control among second-year college students registered in a physical education course. It used a mixed-methods longitudinal design that combined quantitative and qualitative techniques. A total of 132 (68 men and 64 women) second-year college students enrolled in a physical education program participated. Every participant had a course in combat sports included in their course of study. Aggression levels were measured using a mixed-methods approach combining semi-structured interviews to probe participants' emotional experiences with the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Repeated measures ANOVA particularly in hostility (-12.5%, κ2=0. 201\eta^2 = 0. 201η2=0. 201, and physical aggression (-9.8%, κ2=0. 149\eta^2 = 0. 149η2=0. 149), indicated significant decreases in overall aggression (-8.2%, κ2=0.178\eta^2 = 0.178η2=0. 149). Although with a smaller size, verbal hostility and anger also dropped. Qualitative and quantitative findings suggest that combat sports training can reduce aggression and improve emotional control, stress management, and self-discipline. Some students, however, reported increased frustration and competitiveness, indicating individual differences. These results support including structured combat sports in physical education to enhance students’ emotional regulation.
The degree of positive perfectionism among professional players in football and volleyball in Palestine
Perfectionism plays a pivotal role in shaping an athlete's personality and enhancing their motivation to achieve peak performance. However, if not managed properly, perfectionism can become a source of psychological pressure, leading to excessive stress and fear of failure. Therefore, maintaining a balance between ambition and self-acceptance is essential for enhancing athletic performance without negatively impacting the athlete's mental well-being. The study aimed to identify the degree of positive perfectionism among professional football and volleyball players in Palestine, as well as to determine the differences in positive perfectionism between these two groups. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The study was conducted on a stratified random sample of 79 professional volleyball players and 43 professional football players in Palestine. To collect data, the Positive Perfectionism Scale was used. The results showed that the degree of positive perfectionism among professional football and volleyball players in Palestine was high, with a mean score of 4.03±0.44. Furthermore, the results indicated that the t-value was statistically significant at the α≤0.05 level for positive perfectionism and its dimensions, favoring professional football players over volleyball players. The study found that professional athletes in Palestine have high positive perfectionism, with football players scoring higher than volleyball players.
Physiological adaptations and endurance unveiled: The impact of structured fitness training on elite youth soccer players
Fitness training enhances endurance in soccer players. The study aimed to determine the effect of a Motophysic Fitness (MPFIT) training program on the physical and technical skills of twenty youth soccer players with an average age 20±1 years, height 1.71 ± 0.5 m, and weight 64.3 ± 5.7 kg. It consisted of a 12-week intervention period during the off-season. The MPFIT training was designed to improve physical fitness in terms of endurance, taking into account the players' positional differences. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 (Yo-YoIRT1) was implemented to measure endurance before and after training. The outcome of Yo-YoIRT1 was assessed in terms of total distance covered in meters, the level achieved and estimated VO2max. Maximum heart rate was also measured to analyse the impact of MPFIT training. The MPFIT regime offered an average of 2% increase in fitness level of the players in all positions. Z-test revealed that significance p-values for the level achieved and VO2max were determined to be p=0.004 and p=0.02, respectively. The study provided substantial evidence supporting the viability of MPFIT regime as an innovative form of high-intensity training and implemented by individual players for self-assessment and by trainers for enhancing the soccer player fitness.
Exploring the dynamics of sports culture in Pakistan: A qualitative study
The importance of sports and physical activities is understood in all kinds of societies around the globe. The current study aimed to understand the dimensions of physical culture in Pakistan (a developing country that is not well-renowned in the context of sporting identity) that need to be addressed earlier. A qualitative study was conducted with 26 experts (athletes, journalists, sports managers, and sociologists) to discuss the research questions about the characteristics of the sports culture of Pakistan and the factors affecting it. The study identified socio-cultural factors (age, gender, demography), economic factors (facilities, social status, unemployment), and personal factors (enjoyment, physical fitness, social interaction, hobby) as characteristics of sports culture. Additionally, national culture, celebrity culture, and family culture were found to significantly affect Pakistani sports culture.
Exploring differences in body composition and physical fitness between U11 and U12 soccer players: Implications for health promotion and athletic performance
Soccer is a highly demanding sport requiring the integration of physical, technical, and tactical skills. This study aimed to compare anthropometric characteristics and physical performance between Spanish male soccer players aged 11 (U11) and 12 (U12), and to examine the relationships between body composition and fitness variables. Forty-two participants (21 U11 and 21 U12) underwent assessments of height, weight, body fat percentage, BMI, countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-meter sprint, 505 change-of-direction test (505 COD), and estimated VO₂max. Results showed that U12 players were significantly taller, heavier, and had lower body fat percentages than U11 players (p< 0.05). Physically, U12 players outperformed U11 in CMJ height (+27.7%), sprint speed (+3.4%), change-of-direction ability (+3.9%), and aerobic capacity (+9.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that better body composition profiles, specifically lower fat percentage and BMI, were associated with superior physical performance metrics (p<0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring growth and body composition in youth soccer for optimizing training and talent identification. Early physical development appears critical for enhancing athletic performance, supporting individualized training programs that integrate physical and technical preparation.
Effects of 12 sessions of multicomponent training on physical fitness indicators in adults with intellectual disability
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-session multicomponent training program on fitness indicators in adults with intellectual disability (ID). The sample consisted of (n=9) adults aged 23.67 ± 4.97 years from a group for individuals with ID not enrolled in formal education. Fitness indicators, including muscle strength, functional capacity, and adiposity, were assessed pre- and post-implementation of the 12-session multicomponent training program. To compare initial and final measures, Wilcoxon and paired Student's T-tests were utilized. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were found in absolute (Δ% = ↑21.85) and relative (Δ% = ↑22.22) handgrip strength. Additionally, execution times decreased significantly in the five-times sit-to-stand test (Δ% = ↓17.37) and the timed up-and-go test (Δ% = ↓12.98), while no significant changes were observed in adiposity measurements (p>0.05). In conclusion, a 12-session multicomponent training program had positive effects on fitness indicators related to muscle strength and functional capacity in adults with ID. The use of this methodology is recommended as a strategy for promoting health and autonomy among individuals with ID not enrolled in formal education.
The effect of combination of massage gun therapy with exercise on increasing range of motion and movement function in patients with non-specific low back pain
Low back pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal disorder caused by unergonomic positions. This study aimed to determine the effect of massage gun treatment and passive stretching in increasing range of motion (ROM) and joint function of non-specific LBP. The method used in this research was a quasi-experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest design, then a sampling technique was carried out using purposive sampling. The study included 20 voluntary participants (aged 20–65) with low back pain who provided informed consent. The results of the study showed that the range of motion, measured using a goniometer, increased in forward flexion, left flexion, right flexion, extension, left rotation, and right rotation in individuals with LBP. Measurements taken before treatment and after treatments 1 to 3 showed a significant increase (p=0.000, <0.05). Massage gun treatment combined with passive stretching also improved joint movement function, as measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), with pre- and post-treatment results from treatments 1 to 3 showing a significant improvement (p=0.000, <0.05). It can be concluded that massage gun therapy combined with passive stretching effectively increases the range of motion and motor function in individuals with non-specific LBP.
The role of mental exercise in optimizing athlete performance: A systematic review of cognitive and psychological interventions
This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the role of mental training in optimizing athletes' performance, with a focus on cognitive and psychological interventions. The study was conducted using a systematic review method, using inclusion and exclusion criteria to select relevant articles from various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Of the 26 studies that met the criteria, it was found that mental training significantly improved the performance of athletes in various sports. Cognitive interventions, such as visualization and focus techniques, have been shown to be effective in improving concentration and reducing anxiety. In addition, psychological interventions, including stress management and confidence development, showed a significant positive impact on athletes' motivation and mental resilience. These results show that mental training not only contributes to improved physical performance, but also facilitates the mental development necessary to compete at a high level. These findings underscore the importance of integrating mental training in athletes' training programs to reach their maximum potential. Recommendations for further research include the exploration of new techniques and the development of mental training programs tailored to the specific needs of athletes. Thus, mental exercise can be recognized as an integral part of a holistic approach to improving sports performance.
Influence of blood groups on maximum oxygen consumption and explosive power among high-level basketball players in Palestine
The study aimed to identify the influence of blood groups on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and explosive power in high-level basketball players in Palestine. The researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach. The study was conducted on a healthy random sample of 44 players, whose age, height, and body mass were 25.81 ± 5.79 years, 187.79 ± 9.52 cm, and 89.97 ± 15.61 kg, respectively. The players were tested using the vertical jump test and the Cooper 12-minute run test. The results of the study revealed that the mean explosive power was 47.27 cm, and the mean maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was 42.04 mL/kg/min. In addition, blood group had a statistically significant effect on both maximum oxygen consumption and explosive power, with blood type B showing higher explosive power and blood type O showing higher VO2max (p < 0.05). Blood group appears to influence physiological performance in high-level basketball players, with blood type O associated with higher aerobic capacity (VO2max) and blood type B associated with greater explosive power. These findings suggest that blood type may be a factor to consider in athlete assessment and training.
Hybridization of pedagogical models in Physical Education: Influence on the acquisition of competencies in the physical capacity of strength and enjoyment in students
Although the benefits of strength training in adolescents are well-known, this fitness component is surrounded by certain myths that difficult its introduction in the educational setting. The hybridization of pedagogical models (PM) can be a useful tool to promote healthy habits through physical education (PE) while promoting secondary school students’ enjoyment. This longitudinal and quasi-experimental study of one group aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a CrossFit Teaching-Learning Sequence (SE-A) based on the hybridization of PM in 2nd year of secondary school students on the acquisition of skills linked to strength and enjoyment. Before and after the SE-A, 57 students (23 girls) were evaluated on knowledge of strength-related myths (ad-hoc questionnaire), and students’ enjoyment during physical education (with the PACES questionnaire). The results showed significant differences with higher scores after the SE-A regarding the myths questionnaire (p<0.001; Z=4.150; g Hedges=0.870) and the enjoyment in PE (p<0.001; Z=3.834; g Hedges= 0.351). The hybridization of PM seems to have a positive influence on the recognition of myths related to the strength and enjoyment of PE students. This aspect could increase physical activity levels in the short and/or long term in this age-group.
Scientific mapping of somatotype research publications: A bibliometric analysis (1944–2023)
The aim of this study was to map the global somatotype research trends using a bibliometric analysis. The method employed a bibliometric analysis of data sourced from the Scopus database, yielding 2,438 relevant studies authored by 7,609 individuals. To analyze these data, VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were employed to visualize publication trends, key authors, institutions, journals, and keywords. Key findings include a significant research focus in "Medicine" (39.6%) and "Health Professions" (13.1%), with emerging interdisciplinary opportunities in "Psychology" and "Engineering." Notable research themes include "somatotype components", "BMI", and "body image", with emerging studies focusing on 3D human models and artificial neural networks. Despite these advancements, international collaboration remains limited, mainly among industrialized nations. Additionally, the analysis highlights the critical role of somatotype in sports science for optimizing athlete performance and talent identification. Furthermore, new technologies, such as 3D scanning and machine learning, promise advancements in somatotype assessment. Future research should focus on enhancing validity and reliability by integrating advanced technologies and fostering international collaboration to overcome scientific isolation. In conclusion, somatotype research has significantly evolved, with concentrated efforts in medicine and health professions and expanding interdisciplinary collaborations. This study provides valuable insights, emphasizing the need for technological advancements and greater global collaboration.
Eating habits, lifestyle, and sports practice among primary school students in Valladolid
Overweight, obesity, and lack of physical exercise during childhood cause serious health problems both in childhood and adulthood. The objective of this study was to analyze the eating habits, lifestyle, and sports practice of Primary Education students in Valladolid (Spain). The Healthy Lifestyle Habits Questionnaire for Diet and Physical Activity (CHVSAAF) was used on 130 students aged 11-12 years. The statistical analysis to compare both groups revealed that more than 80% of the children are neither overweight nor obese, with a low consumption of ultra-processed foods and a high frequency of healthy eating behaviors such as drinking water and eating fruits and vegetables. Additionally, it was observed that sports practice is common outside of Physical Education classes. Correlations showed that higher fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with lower weight (p<0.05), while watching television for more than two hours a day is related to higher weight and greater consumption of ultra-processed foods (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of promoting healthy habits from an early age and the crucial role of the family in developing these habits.
Teachers' perspectives toward bullying on physical education in elementary schools
Bullying in physical education (PE) classes remains a significant issue, impacting student well-being and participation in physical activities. This study explored the perspectives of PE teachers regarding bullying in elementary school settings. Through qualitative analysis, four key themes emerged: teacher awareness of bullying, PE as a trigger for bullying, the role of learning approach models, and the impact of bullying on students. The findings indicate that while many PE teachers recognize bullying as a problem, their responses vary from proactive interventions to perceptions of bullying as normal peer interactions. Additionally, the study highlights how the competitive nature of PE can exacerbate bullying behaviors, particularly among students with lower skill levels. The selection of appropriate learning approaches, such as cooperative and inclusive teaching methods, is suggested to mitigate bullying incidents. The study further emphasizes the need for professional development programs to equip teachers with effective bullying prevention strategies. Future research should explore intervention models tailored to PE settings and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effectiveness of different teaching methodologies in reducing bullying.
Relationship between hand dynamometer results and blood plasma lactic acid as indicators of muscle fatigue
Fatigue is a protective mechanism of the body that prevents continuous injury and allows recovery after rest. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the results of examining the level of muscle fatigue in the hands of computer operators between the measurement of the blood plasma lactic acid method and the hand dynamometer method. This study was conducted using an observational, cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of male computer operators aged 20–30 years. The sample was selected based on the following inclusion criteria: no history of specific medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, or kidney disorders, and at least one year of experience as a computer operator. Based on these criteria, the final sample included 127 subjects. The results of the paired t-test showed a significant decrease in handgrip strength measured with a dynamometer, with values of 43.25±3.32 before work and 41.45±3.62 after work (p<0.05). Similarly, blood plasma lactic acid levels showed a significant increase, from 2.93±0.29 before work to 3.67±0.57 after 4 hours of typing (p<0.05). These results indicate a relationship between handgrip strength and lactic acid levels, supporting their use as indicators of arm muscle fatigue in computer operators.