“Apparently, women don't know how to operate doors": A corpus-based analysis of women stereotypes in the TV series <i>3rd Rock from the Sun</i>

Authors

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2017/2/257311
Keywords: sitcoms, female gender stereotypes, gender discourse, Appraisal Theory, Corpus Assisted Discourse Analysis, evaluation

Abstract

This paper explores how women stereotypes are discursively evaluated in the TV sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun by paying attention to the societal, cultural and ideological values they convey. Following recent trends for the study of television series (Bednarek, 2010), the analysis is both qualitative and quantitative, adopting a Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis approach (Baker, 2006; Partington, 2004). The contextualised analysis of words that refer to women confirms that the sitcom writers of 3rd Rock from the Sun purposefully resort to stereotyping as a verbal strategy to create humour while conveying negative attitudes towards women.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Carmen Gregori-Signes, Universitat de València

Dpt. Filologia Anglesa i Alemanya Facultat de Filologia, Tradcucció i Comunicació Blasco Ibañez, 32 46010 Valencia

References

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Anthony, L. (2015). AntConc (Version 3.5.0 [Dev]) [Computer Software]. Tokyo: Waseda University. Available from http://www.laurenceanthony.net/.

Attardo, S. (2001). Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis. Humor Research (vol. 6). Berlin / New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.

Baker, P. (2004). Querying keywords: Questions of difference, frequency, and sense in keyword analysis. Journal of English Linguistics, 32(4), 346–359.

Baker, P. (2005). Public Discourses of Gay Men. London: Routledge.

Baker, P. (2006). Using corpora in discourse analysis. London: Continuum.

Baker, P. (2007). The American English Corpus. Available from http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/profiles/Paul-Baker/.

Baker (2014). Using Corpora to analyze gender. London / New Delhi / New York, NY / Sidney: Bloomsbury.

Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravnik, M., Krzyzanowski, M., McEnery, T. & Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273–306.

Baker, P. & McEnery, T. (Eds.). (2015). Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bednarek, M. (2006a). Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. New York, NY / London: Continuum.

Bednarek, M. (2006b). Epistemological positioning and evidentiality in English news discourse: a text-driven approach. Text and Talk, 26(6), 635–660.

Bednarek, M. (2010). The language of fictional television: Drama and identity. London / New York, NY: Continuum.

Bednarek, M. (2011). The language of fictional television: A case study of the ‘dramedy’ Gilmore Girls. English Text Construction, 4(1), 54–83.

Bednarek, M. (2015). ‘Wicked’ women in contemporary pop culture: ‘bad’ language and gender in Weeds, Nurse Jackie and Saving Grace. Text & Talk, 35(4), 431–451.

Bednarek, M. & Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in Critical Discourse Analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society, 25(2), 135–158.

The British National Corpus (version 3 [BNC XML Edition]). (2007). Distributed by Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, on behalf of the BNC Consortium. Available at http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/.

Brannon, L. (2010). Gender: Psychological Perspectives. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

Bubel, C. (2006). The Linguistic Construction of Character Relations in TV Drama: Doing Friendship in Sex and the City. Doctoral Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany. Retrieved 7 June, 2016 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.2236&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Bubel, C. & Spitz, A. (2006). One of the last vestiges of gender: The characterization of women through the telling of dirty jokes in Ally McBeal. Humor – International Journal of Humor Research, 19(1), 71–104.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London / New York, NY: Routledge.

Cameron, D. (2006). On Language and Sexual Politics. London: Routledge.

Cameron, D. (2010). Sex/gender, language and the new biologism. Applied Linguistics, 31(2), 173–192.

Chandler, D. (1998). Media Representations. Retrieved 7 June, 2016 from http://ghsmediainset.blogspot.com.es/2011/10/daniel-chandlers-representation-theory.html.

Dhoest, A. & Simons, N. (2016). Still ‘Watching’ TV? The Consumption of TV Fiction by Engaged Audiences. Media and Communication, 4(3), 176–184. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.427.

Eggins, S. & Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London / New York, NY: Cassell.

Gabrielatos, C. & Marchi, A. (2012). Keyness: Appropriate metrics and practical issues. CADS International Conference. Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies: More than the sum of Discourse Analysis and computing? University of Bologna, Italy, September, 13–14. Retrieved 7 June, 2016 from http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/4196/.

Gregori-Signes, C. (2007). What do we laugh at? Gender representations in 3rd Rock from the Sun. In J. Santaemilia, P. Bou, S. Maruenda & G. Zaragoza (Eds.), International perspectives on gender and language (pp. 726–750). València: Publicacions Universitat de València.

Gries, S. (2010). Useful statistics for corpus linguistics. In A. Sánchez & M. Almela (Eds.), A mosaic of corpus linguistics: selected approaches (pp. 269–291). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Haines, E. L., Deaux, K. & Lofaro, N. (2016). The Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes 1983–2014. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 353–363. doi: 10.1177/0361684316634081.

Hodge, R. & Kress, G. (1988). Social Semiotics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation and the Planes of Discourse: Status and Value in Persuasive Texts. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (pp. 176–205). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kaltenbacher, M. (2006). Culture related linguistic differences in tourist websites: the emotive and the factual: A corpus analysis within the framework of Appraisal. In G. Thompson & S. Hunston (Eds.), Functional Linguistics: System and Corpus: Exploring Connections (pp. 269–292). Bristol, CT: Equinox.

Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mills, B. (2009). The Sitcom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Mittmann, B. (2006). With a little help from Friends (and others): Lexico-pragmatic characteristics of original and dubbed film dialogue. In C. Houswitschka, G. Knappe & A. Müller (Eds.), Anglistentag 2005, Bamberg Proceedings (pp. 573–585). Trier: WVT.

Montemurro, B. (2003). Not a laughing matter: Sexual harassment as “material” on workplace-based situation comedies. Sex Roles, 48, 433–445.

Paltridge, B., Thomas, A. & Liu, J. (2011). Genre, performance and Sex and the City. In R. Piazza, M. Bednarek & F. Rossi (Eds.), Telecinematic Discourse: Approaches to the Language of Films and Television Series (pp. 249–262). Amsterdam / Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Partington, A. (2004). Corpora and discourse: A most congruous beast. In A. Partington, J. Morley & L. Haarman (Eds.), Corpora and Discourse (pp. 11–20). Bern: Peter Lang.

Partington, A. (2010). Modern Diachronic Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (MD-CADS) on UK newspapers: An overview of the project. In A. Partington (Ed.), Modern Diachronic Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies on UK Newspapers (pp. 83–108). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Partington, A., Duguid, A. & Taylor, Ch. (2013). Studies in Corpus Linguistics: Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Putrevu, S. (2004). Communicating with the sexes: male and female responses to print advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 51–62.

Quaglio, P. (2009). Television Dialogue: the sitcom Friends vs. natural conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dordrecht / Boston, MA / Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Rey, J. M. (2001). Changing gender roles in popular culture: Dialogue in Star Trek episodes from 1966 to 1993. In D. Biber & S. Conrad (Eds.), Variation in English: Multi-dimensional studies (pp. 138–156). London: Longman.

Savorelli, A. (2010). Beyond Sitcom: New Directions in American Television Comedy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse Markers. New York, NY / Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words—and key key words. System, 25(2), 233–245.

Scott, M. (2010). Problems in investigating keyness, or clearing the undergrowth and marking out trail. In M. Bondi & M. Scott (Eds.), Keyness in texts (pp. 43–57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Springfield! Springfield! (nd). 3rd Rock from the Sun Episode Scripts. Available from https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/episode_scripts.php?tv-show=3rd-rock-from-the-sun.

Stubbs, M. (1996). Text and Corpus Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.

Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered Discourses. Palgrave: London.

Thompson, G. (2008). Appraising glances: evaluating Martin’s model of APPRAISAL. Word, 59(1–2), 169–187.

White, P. R. R. (2001). An introductory tour through Appraisal Theory. In The Appraisal Website: The Language of Attitude, Arguability and Interpersonal Positioning. Retrieved 10 March, 2016 from http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/appraisaloutline/unframed/ appraisaloutline.htm.

Young, H. P. (2015). The Evolution of Social Norms. Annual Review of Economics, 7, 359–387.

Published
01-12-2017
How to Cite
Gregori-Signes, C. (2017). “Apparently, women don’t know how to operate doors": A corpus-based analysis of women stereotypes in the TV series <i>3rd Rock from the Sun</i>. International Journal of English Studies, 17(2), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2017/2/257311
Issue
Section
Articles